Long-Term Embrittlement of Ancient Copper and Silver Alloys

Abstract

The manifestations of ancient metals’ embrittlement, cracking and fracture, are challenging problems for restorers and conservators, yet the scientific understanding of these problems is limited. In particular, the study and interpretation of fracture surfaces, fractography, is a minor or non-existent consideration for most archaeometallurgical investigations. This paper presents a survey of fractographic analyses, in combination with the more widely used disciplines of microstructural studies, metallography, and chemical analyses for some Old-World copper alloy (bronzes) and high-silver alloy artifacts that have undergone long-term corrosion and embrittlement damage. We show that fractography, as an adjunct to metallography, can improve the interpretation of these types of damage and assist in selecting the best methods for restoration and conservation of the objects made from these alloys.

Keywords

• copper alloys
• high-silver alloys
• corrosion
• embrittlement
• fracture surfaces
• fractography