Frontiers in Immunology (Apr 2023)
LCL161 enhances expansion and survival of engineered anti-tumor T cells but is restricted by death signaling
Abstract
BackgroundThe genesis of SMAC mimetic drugs is founded on the observation that many cancers amplify IAP proteins to facilitate their survival, and therefore removal of these pathways would re-sensitize the cells towards apoptosis. It has become increasingly clear that SMAC mimetics also interface with the immune system in a modulatory manner. Suppression of IAP function by SMAC mimetics activates the non-canonical NF-κB pathway which can augment T cell function, opening the possibility of using SMAC mimetics to enhance immunotherapeutics.MethodsWe have investigated the SMAC mimetic LCL161, which promotes degradation of cIAP-1 and cIAP-2, as an agent for delivering transient costimulation to engineered BMCA-specific human TAC T cells. In doing so we also sought to understand the cellular and molecular effects of LCL161 on T cell biology.ResultsLCL161 activated the non-canonical NF-κB pathway and enhanced antigen-driven TAC T cell proliferation and survival. Transcriptional profiling from TAC T cells treated with LCL161 revealed differential expression of costimulatory and apoptosis-related proteins, namely CD30 and FAIM3. We hypothesized that regulation of these genes by LCL161 may influence the drug’s effects on T cells. We reversed the differential expression through genetic engineering and observed impaired costimulation by LCL161, particularly when CD30 was deleted. While LCL161 can provide a costimulatory signal to TAC T cells following exposure to isolated antigen, we did not observe a similar pattern when TAC T cells were stimulated with myeloma cells expressing the target antigen. We questioned whether FasL expression by myeloma cells may antagonize the costimulatory effects of LCL161. Fas-KO TAC T cells displayed superior expansion following antigen stimulation in the presence of LCL161, suggesting a role for Fas-related T cell death in limiting the magnitude of the T cell response to antigen in the presence of LCL161.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that LCL161 provides costimulation to TAC T cells exposed to antigen alone, however LCL161 did not enhance TAC T cell anti-tumor function when challenged with myeloma cells and may be limited due to sensitization of T cells towards Fas-mediated apoptosis.
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