Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index is associated with newborn offspring hypothalamic mean diffusivity: a prospective dual-cohort study

Abstract

Abstract Background An extensive body of animal literature supports the premise that maternal obesity during pregnancy can alter the development of the fetal hypothalamus (HTH, a critical regulator of energy balance) with implications for offspring obesity risk (i.e., long-term energy imbalance). Yet, the relationship in humans between maternal overweight/obesity during pregnancy and fetal hypothalamic development remains largely unknown. Here, using an international (Finland and California, USA) multi-site diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) dataset, we test the hypothesis that maternal pre-pregnancy BMI is associated with newborn offspring HTH mean diffusivity (HTH MD, a replicable neural correlate of BMI in adults). Methods HTH MD was independently quantified in two separate BMI-matched cohorts (up to class II obesity; BMIRange = 17–35) using a high-resolution atlas-based definition of HTH. A total of n = 231 mother-child dyads were available for this analysis (n Site,1 = 152, age at MRI = 26.7 ± 8.1 days, gestational age at birth = 39.9 ± 1.2 weeks, n M/F = 82/70, BMI = 24.2 ± 3.8; n Site,2 = 79, age at MRI = 25.6 ± 12.5 days, gestational age at birth = 39.3 ± 1.5 weeks, n M/F = 45/34, BMI = 25.1 ± 4.0). The association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and newborn offspring HTH MD was examined separately in each cohort using linear regression adjusting for gestational age at birth, postnatal age at scan, sex, whole white matter mean diffusivity, and DTI quality control criteria. In post hoc analyses, additional potentially confounding factors including socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and obstetric risk were adjusted where appropriate. Results The distribution of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was comparable across sites but differed by ethnicity and socioeconomic status. A positive linear association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and newborn offspring HTH MD was observed at both sites ( $$\hat{\beta}$$ β ^ Site,1 = 0.17, p Site,1 = 0.01; $$\hat{\beta}$$ β ^ Site,2 = 0.22, p Site,2 = 0.03) and remained significant after adjusting for cohort-relevant covariates. Conclusions These findings translate the preclinically established association between maternal obesity during pregnancy and offspring hypothalamic microstructure to the human context. In addition to further replication/generalization, future efforts to identify biological mediators of the association between maternal obesity and fetal HTH development are warranted to develop targeted strategies for the primary prevention of childhood obesity.

Keywords

• Obesity
• Pregnancy
• Infant
• Hypothalamus
• Fetal programming