PLoS ONE (Jan 2020)

Seroprevalence and epidemiology of hepatitis B and C viruses in pregnant women in Spain. Risk factors for vertical transmission.

  • Ángeles Ruiz-Extremera,
  • María Del Mar Díaz-Alcázar,
  • José Antonio Muñoz-Gámez,
  • Marta Cabrera-Lafuente,
  • Estefanía Martín,
  • Rosa Patricia Arias-Llorente,
  • Pilar Carretero,
  • José Luis Gallo-Vallejo,
  • Francisca Romero-Narbona,
  • M A Salmerón-Ruiz,
  • Clara Alonso-Diaz,
  • Rafael Maese-Heredia,
  • Lucas Cerrillos,
  • Ana María Fernández-Alonso,
  • Carmen Camarena,
  • Josefa Aguayo,
  • Miguel Sánchez-Forte,
  • Manuel Rodríguez-Maresca,
  • Alfredo Pérez-Rivilla,
  • Rosa Quiles-Pérez,
  • Paloma Muñoz de Rueda,
  • Manuela Expósito-Ruiz,
  • Federico García,
  • Fernando García,
  • Javier Salmerón

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233528
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 15, no. 5
p. e0233528

Abstract

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BACKGROUND & AIM:Worldwide, measures are being implemented to eradicate hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses, which can be transmitted from the mother during childbirth. This study aims to determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV in pregnant women in Spain, focusing on country of origin, epidemiological factors and risk of vertical transmission (VT). METHODOLOGY:Multicentre open-cohort study performed during 2015. HBV prevalence was determined in 21870 pregnant women and HCV prevalence in 7659 pregnant women. Epidemiological and risk factors for VT were analysed in positive women and differences between HBV and HCV cases were studied. RESULTS:HBV prevalence was 0.42% (91/21870) and HCV prevalence was 0.26% (20/7659). Of the women with HBV, 65.7% (44/67) were migrants. The HBV transmission route to the mother was unknown in 40.3% of cases (27/67) and VT in 31.3% (21/67). Among risk factors for VT, 67.7% (42/62) of the women had viraemia and 14.5% (9/62) tested HBeAg-positive. All of the neonates born to HBV-positive mothers received immunoprophylaxis, and none contracted infection by VT. In 80% (16/20) of the women with HCV, the transmission route was parenteral, and nine were intravenous drug users. Viraemia was present in 40% (8/20) of the women and 10% (2/20) were HIV-coinfected. No children were infected. Women with HCV were less likely than women with HBV to breastfeed their child (65% vs. 86%). CONCLUSIONS:The prevalences obtained in our study of pregnant women are lower than those previously documented for the general population. Among the women with HBV, the majority were migrants and had a maternal family history of infection, while among those with HCV, the most common factor was intravenous drug use. Despite the risk factors observed for VT, none of the children were infected. Proper immunoprophylaxis is essential to prevent VT in children born to HBV-positive women.