The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (Jan 2023)
Multimessenger Characterization of Markarian 501 during Historically Low X-Ray and γ-Ray Activity
- H. Abe,
- S. Abe,
- V. A. Acciari,
- I. Agudo,
- T. Aniello,
- S. Ansoldi,
- L. A. Antonelli,
- A. Arbet-Engels,
- C. Arcaro,
- M. Artero,
- K. Asano,
- D. Baack,
- A. Babić,
- A. Baquero,
- U. Barres de Almeida,
- J. A. Barrio,
- I. Batković,
- J. Baxter,
- J. Becerra González,
- W. Bednarek,
- E. Bernardini,
- M. Bernardos,
- A. Berti,
- J. Besenrieder,
- W. Bhattacharyya,
- C. Bigongiari,
- A. Biland,
- O. Blanch,
- G. Bonnoli,
- Ž. Bošnjak,
- I. Burelli,
- G. Busetto,
- R. Carosi,
- M. Carretero-Castrillo,
- A. J. Castro-Tirado,
- G. Ceribella,
- Y. Chai,
- A. Chilingarian,
- S. Cikota,
- E. Colombo,
- J. L. Contreras,
- J. Cortina,
- S. Covino,
- G. D’Amico,
- V. D’Elia,
- P. Da Vela,
- F. Dazzi,
- A. De Angelis,
- B. De Lotto,
- A. Del Popolo,
- M. Delfino,
- J. Delgado,
- C. Delgado Mendez,
- D. Depaoli,
- F. Di Pierro,
- L. Di Venere,
- E. Do Souto Espiñeira,
- D. Dominis Prester,
- A. Donini,
- D. Dorner,
- M. Doro,
- D. Elsaesser,
- G. Emery,
- J. Escudero,
- V. Fallah Ramazani,
- L. Fariña,
- A. Fattorini,
- L. Foffano,
- L. Font,
- C. Fruck,
- S. Fukami,
- Y. Fukazawa,
- R. J. García López,
- M. Garczarczyk,
- S. Gasparyan,
- M. Gaug,
- J. G. Giesbrecht Paiva,
- N. Giglietto,
- F. Giordano,
- P. Gliwny,
- N. Godinović,
- R. Grau,
- D. Green,
- J. G. Green,
- D. Hadasch,
- A. Hahn,
- T. Hassan,
- L. Heckmann,
- J. Herrera,
- D. Hrupec,
- M. Hütten,
- R. Imazawa,
- T. Inada,
- R. Iotov,
- K. Ishio,
- I. Jiménez Martínez,
- J. Jormanainen,
- D. Kerszberg,
- Y. Kobayashi,
- H. Kubo,
- J. Kushida,
- A. Lamastra,
- D. Lelas,
- F. Leone,
- E. Lindfors,
- L. Linhoff,
- S. Lombardi,
- F. Longo,
- R. López-Coto,
- M. López-Moya,
- A. López-Oramas,
- S. Loporchio,
- A. Lorini,
- E. Lyard,
- B. Machado de Oliveira Fraga,
- P. Majumdar,
- M. Makariev,
- G. Maneva,
- N. Mang,
- M. Manganaro,
- S. Mangano,
- K. Mannheim,
- M. Mariotti,
- M. Martínez,
- A. Mas-Aguilar,
- D. Mazin,
- S. Menchiari,
- S. Mender,
- S. Mićanović,
- D. Miceli,
- T. Miener,
- J. M. Miranda,
- R. Mirzoyan,
- E. Molina,
- H. A. Mondal,
- A. Moralejo,
- D. Morcuende,
- V. Moreno,
- T. Nakamori,
- C. Nanci,
- L. Nava,
- V. Neustroev,
- M. Nievas Rosillo,
- C. Nigro,
- K. Nilsson,
- K. Nishijima,
- T. Njoh Ekoume,
- K. Noda,
- S. Nozaki,
- Y. Ohtani,
- T. Oka,
- A. Okumura,
- J. Otero-Santos,
- S. Paiano,
- M. Palatiello,
- D. Paneque,
- R. Paoletti,
- J. M. Paredes,
- L. Pavletić,
- M. Persic,
- M. Pihet,
- G. Pirola,
- F. Podobnik,
- P. G. Prada Moroni,
- E. Prandini,
- G. Principe,
- C. Priyadarshi,
- W. Rhode,
- M. Ribó,
- J. Rico,
- C. Righi,
- A. Rugliancich,
- N. Sahakyan,
- T. Saito,
- S. Sakurai,
- K. Satalecka,
- F. G. Saturni,
- B. Schleicher,
- K. Schmidt,
- F. Schmuckermaier,
- J. L. Schubert,
- T. Schweizer,
- J. Sitarek,
- V. Sliusar,
- D. Sobczynska,
- A. Spolon,
- A. Stamerra,
- J. Strišković,
- D. Strom,
- M. Strzys,
- Y. Suda,
- T. Surić,
- H. Tajima,
- M. Takahashi,
- R. Takeishi,
- F. Tavecchio,
- P. Temnikov,
- K. Terauchi,
- T. Terzić,
- M. Teshima,
- L. Tosti,
- S. Truzzi,
- A. Tutone,
- S. Ubach,
- J. van Scherpenberg,
- M. Vazquez Acosta,
- S. Ventura,
- V. Verguilov,
- I. Viale,
- C. F. Vigorito,
- V. Vitale,
- I. Vovk,
- R. Walter,
- M. Will,
- C. Wunderlich,
- T. Yamamoto,
- D. Zarić,
- The MAGIC Collaboration,
- M. Cerruti,
- J. A. Acosta-Pulido,
- G. Apolonio,
- R. Bachev,
- M. Baloković,
- E. Benítez,
- I. Björklund,
- V. Bozhilov,
- L. F. Brown,
- A. Bugg,
- W. Carbonell,
- M. I. Carnerero,
- D. Carosati,
- C. Casadio,
- W. Chamani,
- W. P. Chen,
- R. A. Chigladze,
- G. Damljanovic,
- K. Epps,
- A. Erkenov,
- M. Feige,
- J. Finke,
- A. Fuentes,
- K. Gazeas,
- M. Giroletti,
- T. S. Grishina,
- A. C. Gupta,
- M. A. Gurwell,,
- E. Heidemann,
- D. Hiriart,
- W. J. Hou,
- T. Hovatta,
- S. Ibryamov,
- M. D. Joner,
- S. G. Jorstad,
- J. Kania,
- S. Kiehlmann,
- G. N. Kimeridze,
- E. N. Kopatskaya,
- M. Kopp,
- M. Korte,
- B. Kotas,
- S. Koyama,
- J. A. Kramer,
- L. Kunkel,
- S. O. Kurtanidze,
- O. M. Kurtanidze,
- A. Lähteenmäki,
- J. M. López,
- V. M. Larionov,
- E. G. Larionova,
- L. V. Larionova,
- C. Leto,
- C. Lorey,
- R. Mújica,
- G. M. Madejski,
- N. Marchili,
- A. P. Marscher,
- M. Minev,
- A. Modaressi,
- D. A. Morozova,
- T. Mufakharov,
- I. Myserlis,
- A. A. Nikiforova,
- M. G. Nikolashvili,
- E. Ovcharov,
- M. Perri,
- C. M. Raiteri,
- A. C. S. Readhead,
- A. Reimer,
- D. Reinhart,
- S. Righini,
- K. Rosenlehner,
- A. C. Sadun,
- S. S. Savchenko,
- A. Scherbantin,
- L. Schneider,
- K. Schoch,
- D. Seifert,
- E. Semkov,
- L. A. Sigua,
- C. Singh,
- P. Sola,
- Y. Sotnikova,
- M. Spencer,
- R. Steineke,
- M. Stojanovic,
- A. Strigachev,
- M. Tornikoski,
- E. Traianou,
- A. Tramacere,
- Yu. V. Troitskaya,
- I. S. Troitskiy,
- J. B. Trump,
- A. Tsai,
- A. Valcheva,
- A. A. Vasilyev,
- F. Verrecchia,
- M. Villata,
- O. Vince,
- K. Vrontaki,
- Z. R. Weaver,
- E. Zaharieva,
- N. Zottmann
Affiliations
- H. Abe
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- S. Abe
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- V. A. Acciari
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- I. Agudo
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008, Granada, Spain
- T. Aniello
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- S. Ansoldi
- ORCiD
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste , I-33100 Udine, Italy
- L. A. Antonelli
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- A. Arbet-Engels
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- C. Arcaro
- ORCiD
- Università di Padova and INFN , I-35131 Padova, Italy
- M. Artero
- ORCiD
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- K. Asano
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- D. Baack
- ORCiD
- Technische Universität Dortmund , D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
- A. Babić
- ORCiD
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb , Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER), 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- A. Baquero
- ORCiD
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- U. Barres de Almeida
- ORCiD
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF) , 22290-180 URCA, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
- J. A. Barrio
- ORCiD
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- I. Batković
- ORCiD
- Università di Padova and INFN , I-35131 Padova, Italy
- J. Baxter
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- J. Becerra González
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- W. Bednarek
- ORCiD
- University of Lodz , Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- E. Bernardini
- ORCiD
- Università di Padova and INFN , I-35131 Padova, Italy
- M. Bernardos
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008, Granada, Spain
- A. Berti
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- J. Besenrieder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- W. Bhattacharyya
- ORCiD
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- C. Bigongiari
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- A. Biland
- ORCiD
- ETH Zürich , CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- O. Blanch
- ORCiD
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- G. Bonnoli
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Ž. Bošnjak
- ORCiD
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb , Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER), 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- I. Burelli
- ORCiD
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste , I-33100 Udine, Italy
- G. Busetto
- ORCiD
- Università di Padova and INFN , I-35131 Padova, Italy
- R. Carosi
- ORCiD
- Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa , I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- M. Carretero-Castrillo
- ORCiD
- Universitat de Barcelona , ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- A. J. Castro-Tirado
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008, Granada, Spain
- G. Ceribella
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- Y. Chai
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- A. Chilingarian
- ORCiD
- Armenian MAGIC Group: A. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory , 0036 Yerevan, Armenia
- S. Cikota
- ORCiD
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb , Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER), 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- E. Colombo
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- J. L. Contreras
- ORCiD
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- J. Cortina
- ORCiD
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- S. Covino
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- G. D’Amico
- ORCiD
- Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen , Norway
- V. D’Elia
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- P. Da Vela
- ORCiD
- Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa , I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- F. Dazzi
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- A. De Angelis
- ORCiD
- Università di Padova and INFN , I-35131 Padova, Italy
- B. De Lotto
- ORCiD
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste , I-33100 Udine, Italy
- A. Del Popolo
- ORCiD
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, University of Catania , I-95123 Catania, Italy
- M. Delfino
- ORCiD
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- J. Delgado
- ORCiD
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- C. Delgado Mendez
- ORCiD
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- D. Depaoli
- ORCiD
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Torino and Università degli Studi di Torino , I-10125 Torino, Italy
- F. Di Pierro
- ORCiD
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Torino and Università degli Studi di Torino , I-10125 Torino, Italy
- L. Di Venere
- ORCiD
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , I-70125 Bari, Italy
- E. Do Souto Espiñeira
- ORCiD
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- D. Dominis Prester
- ORCiD
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka , Faculty of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- A. Donini
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- D. Dorner
- ORCiD
- Universität Würzburg , D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- M. Doro
- ORCiD
- Università di Padova and INFN , I-35131 Padova, Italy
- D. Elsaesser
- ORCiD
- Technische Universität Dortmund , D-44221 Dortmund, Germany; Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- G. Emery
- ORCiD
- University of Geneva , Chemin d’Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
- J. Escudero
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008, Granada, Spain
- V. Fallah Ramazani
- ORCiD
- Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- L. Fariña
- ORCiD
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- A. Fattorini
- ORCiD
- Technische Universität Dortmund , D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
- L. Foffano
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- L. Font
- ORCiD
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- C. Fruck
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- S. Fukami
- ORCiD
- ETH Zürich , CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Y. Fukazawa
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University , 739-8526 Hiroshima, Japan
- R. J. García López
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- M. Garczarczyk
- ORCiD
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- S. Gasparyan
- ORCiD
- Armenian MAGIC Group: CRANet-Armenia , 0019 Yerevan, Armenia
- M. Gaug
- ORCiD
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- J. G. Giesbrecht Paiva
- ORCiD
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF) , 22290-180 URCA, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
- N. Giglietto
- ORCiD
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , I-70125 Bari, Italy
- F. Giordano
- ORCiD
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , I-70125 Bari, Italy
- P. Gliwny
- ORCiD
- University of Lodz , Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- N. Godinović
- ORCiD
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Split , Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), 21000 Split, Croatia
- R. Grau
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- D. Green
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- J. G. Green
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- D. Hadasch
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- A. Hahn
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- T. Hassan
- ORCiD
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- L. Heckmann
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- J. Herrera
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- D. Hrupec
- ORCiD
- Croatian MAGIC Group: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek , Department of Physics, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- M. Hütten
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- R. Imazawa
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University , 739-8526 Hiroshima, Japan
- T. Inada
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- R. Iotov
- Universität Würzburg , D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- K. Ishio
- ORCiD
- University of Lodz , Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- I. Jiménez Martínez
- ORCiD
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- J. Jormanainen
- ORCiD
- Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- D. Kerszberg
- ORCiD
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- Y. Kobayashi
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- H. Kubo
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- J. Kushida
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Tokai University , Hiratsuka, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan
- A. Lamastra
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- D. Lelas
- ORCiD
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Split , Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), 21000 Split, Croatia
- F. Leone
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- E. Lindfors
- ORCiD
- Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- L. Linhoff
- ORCiD
- Technische Universität Dortmund , D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
- S. Lombardi
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- F. Longo
- ORCiD
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste , I-33100 Udine, Italy
- R. López-Coto
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008, Granada, Spain
- M. López-Moya
- ORCiD
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- A. López-Oramas
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- S. Loporchio
- ORCiD
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , I-70125 Bari, Italy
- A. Lorini
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa , I-53100 Siena, Italy
- E. Lyard
- University of Geneva , Chemin d’Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
- B. Machado de Oliveira Fraga
- ORCiD
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF) , 22290-180 URCA, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
- P. Majumdar
- ORCiD
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute , Kolkata 700064, West Bengal, India
- M. Makariev
- ORCiD
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy , Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
- G. Maneva
- ORCiD
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy , Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
- N. Mang
- Technische Universität Dortmund , D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
- M. Manganaro
- ORCiD
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka , Faculty of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- S. Mangano
- ORCiD
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- K. Mannheim
- ORCiD
- Universität Würzburg , D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- M. Mariotti
- ORCiD
- Università di Padova and INFN , I-35131 Padova, Italy
- M. Martínez
- ORCiD
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- A. Mas-Aguilar
- ORCiD
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- D. Mazin
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- S. Menchiari
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa , I-53100 Siena, Italy
- S. Mender
- ORCiD
- Technische Universität Dortmund , D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
- S. Mićanović
- ORCiD
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka , Faculty of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- D. Miceli
- ORCiD
- Università di Padova and INFN , I-35131 Padova, Italy
- T. Miener
- ORCiD
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- J. M. Miranda
- ORCiD
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa , I-53100 Siena, Italy
- R. Mirzoyan
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- E. Molina
- ORCiD
- Universitat de Barcelona , ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- H. A. Mondal
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute , Kolkata 700064, West Bengal, India
- A. Moralejo
- ORCiD
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- D. Morcuende
- ORCiD
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- V. Moreno
- ORCiD
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- T. Nakamori
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Yamagata University , Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
- C. Nanci
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- L. Nava
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- V. Neustroev
- ORCiD
- Finnish MAGIC Group: Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu , FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- M. Nievas Rosillo
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- C. Nigro
- ORCiD
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- K. Nilsson
- ORCiD
- Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- K. Nishijima
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Tokai University , Hiratsuka, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan
- T. Njoh Ekoume
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- K. Noda
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- S. Nozaki
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- Y. Ohtani
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- T. Oka
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Kyoto University , 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
- A. Okumura
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University , 464-6801 Nagoya, Japan
- J. Otero-Santos
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- S. Paiano
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- M. Palatiello
- ORCiD
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste , I-33100 Udine, Italy
- D. Paneque
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- R. Paoletti
- ORCiD
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa , I-53100 Siena, Italy
- J. M. Paredes
- ORCiD
- Universitat de Barcelona , ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- L. Pavletić
- ORCiD
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka , Faculty of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- M. Persic
- ORCiD
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste , I-33100 Udine, Italy
- M. Pihet
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- G. Pirola
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- F. Podobnik
- ORCiD
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa , I-53100 Siena, Italy
- P. G. Prada Moroni
- ORCiD
- Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa , I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- E. Prandini
- ORCiD
- Università di Padova and INFN , I-35131 Padova, Italy
- G. Principe
- ORCiD
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste , I-33100 Udine, Italy
- C. Priyadarshi
- ORCiD
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- W. Rhode
- ORCiD
- Technische Universität Dortmund , D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
- M. Ribó
- ORCiD
- Universitat de Barcelona , ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- J. Rico
- ORCiD
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- C. Righi
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- A. Rugliancich
- ORCiD
- Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa , I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- N. Sahakyan
- ORCiD
- Armenian MAGIC Group: CRANet-Armenia , 0019 Yerevan, Armenia
- T. Saito
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- S. Sakurai
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- K. Satalecka
- ORCiD
- Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- F. G. Saturni
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- B. Schleicher
- ORCiD
- Universität Würzburg , D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- K. Schmidt
- ORCiD
- Technische Universität Dortmund , D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
- F. Schmuckermaier
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- J. L. Schubert
- Technische Universität Dortmund , D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
- T. Schweizer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- J. Sitarek
- ORCiD
- University of Lodz , Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- V. Sliusar
- ORCiD
- University of Geneva , Chemin d’Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
- D. Sobczynska
- ORCiD
- University of Lodz , Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- A. Spolon
- ORCiD
- Università di Padova and INFN , I-35131 Padova, Italy
- A. Stamerra
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- J. Strišković
- ORCiD
- Croatian MAGIC Group: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek , Department of Physics, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- D. Strom
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- M. Strzys
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- Y. Suda
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University , 739-8526 Hiroshima, Japan
- T. Surić
- Croatian MAGIC Group: Ruder Bošković Institute , 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- H. Tajima
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University , 464-6801 Nagoya, Japan
- M. Takahashi
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University , 464-6801 Nagoya, Japan
- R. Takeishi
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- F. Tavecchio
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- P. Temnikov
- ORCiD
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy , Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
- K. Terauchi
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Kyoto University , 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
- T. Terzić
- ORCiD
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka , Faculty of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- M. Teshima
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- L. Tosti
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Perugia , I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- S. Truzzi
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa , I-53100 Siena, Italy
- A. Tutone
- ORCiD
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) , I-00136 Rome, Italy
- S. Ubach
- ORCiD
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- J. van Scherpenberg
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- M. Vazquez Acosta
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- S. Ventura
- ORCiD
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa , I-53100 Siena, Italy
- V. Verguilov
- ORCiD
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy , Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
- I. Viale
- ORCiD
- Università di Padova and INFN , I-35131 Padova, Italy
- C. F. Vigorito
- ORCiD
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Torino and Università degli Studi di Torino , I-10125 Torino, Italy
- V. Vitale
- ORCiD
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Roma Tor Vergata , I-00133 Roma, Italy
- I. Vovk
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
- R. Walter
- ORCiD
- University of Geneva , Chemin d’Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
- M. Will
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
- C. Wunderlich
- ORCiD
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa , I-53100 Siena, Italy
- T. Yamamoto
- ORCiD
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Konan University , Kobe, Hyogo 658-8501, Japan
- D. Zarić
- ORCiD
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Split , Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), 21000 Split, Croatia
- The MAGIC Collaboration
- M. Cerruti
- ORCiD
- Universitat de Barcelona , ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Université Paris Cité , CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France
- J. A. Acosta-Pulido
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- G. Apolonio
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, N283 ESC, Brigham Young University , Provo, UT 84602, USA
- R. Bachev
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory , Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko shosse Boulevard, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
- M. Baloković
- ORCiD
- Yale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics , 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Physics, Yale University , P.O. Box 2018120, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- E. Benítez
- ORCiD
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Instituto de Astronomía, AP 70-264, CDMX 04510, Mexico
- I. Björklund
- Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory , Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland; Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering , P.O. Box 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- V. Bozhilov
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia , BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
- L. F. Brown
- Connecticut College , Department of Physics, Astronomy and Geophysics, New London, CT 06320, USA
- A. Bugg
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, N283 ESC, Brigham Young University , Provo, UT 84602, USA
- W. Carbonell
- Connecticut College , Department of Physics, Astronomy and Geophysics, New London, CT 06320, USA
- M. I. Carnerero
- INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino , via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy
- D. Carosati
- EPT Observatories , Tijarafe, E-38780 La Palma, Spain; INAF , TNG Fundación Galileo Galilei, E-38712 La Palma, Spain
- C. Casadio
- Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas , IESL & Institute of Astrophysics, Voutes, 7110, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Physics, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
- W. Chamani
- Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory , Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland; Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering , P.O. Box 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- W. P. Chen
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University , 300 Zhongda Road, Zhongli 32001, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- R. A. Chigladze
- Abastumani Observatory , Mount Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, Georgia
- G. Damljanovic
- ORCiD
- Astronomical Observatory , Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
- K. Epps
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, N283 ESC, Brigham Young University , Provo, UT 84602, USA
- A. Erkenov
- Special Astrophysical Observatory of RAS , Nizhny Arkhyz 369167, Russia
- M. Feige
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- J. Finke
- ORCiD
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Code 7653, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375-5352, USA
- A. Fuentes
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008, Granada, Spain
- K. Gazeas
- ORCiD
- Section of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , GR-15784 Zografos, Athens, Greece
- M. Giroletti
- ORCiD
- INAF—Istituto di Radioastronomia , Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- T. S. Grishina
- ORCiD
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
- A. C. Gupta
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences—ARIES , Manora Peak, Nainital—263001, India
- M. A. Gurwell,
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- E. Heidemann
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- D. Hiriart
- ORCiD
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Astronomía , AP 106, Ensenada 22860, BC, Mexico
- W. J. Hou
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University , 300 Zhongda Road, Zhongli 32001, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- T. Hovatta
- ORCiD
- Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory , Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland; Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku , FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
- S. Ibryamov
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Shumen , 115, Universitetska Street, 9712 Shumen, Bulgaria
- M. D. Joner
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, N283 ESC, Brigham Young University , Provo, UT 84602, USA
- S. G. Jorstad
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University , 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Astronomical Institute of St. Petersburg State University , Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
- J. Kania
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- S. Kiehlmann
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astrophysics , Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Physics, University of Crete , GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece
- G. N. Kimeridze
- Abastumani Observatory , Mount Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, Georgia
- E. N. Kopatskaya
- ORCiD
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
- M. Kopp
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- M. Korte
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- B. Kotas
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- S. Koyama
- Niigata University , 8050 Ikarashi-nino-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- J. A. Kramer
- Max Planck Institut Fur Radioastronomie , Auf dem Huegel, 69, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
- L. Kunkel
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- S. O. Kurtanidze
- Abastumani Observatory , Mount Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, Georgia; Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg , Königstuhl 12, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- O. M. Kurtanidze
- Abastumani Observatory , Mount Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, Georgia; Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg , Königstuhl 12, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Engelhardt Astronomical Observatory, Kazan Federal University , Tatarstan, Russia
- A. Lähteenmäki
- Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory , Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland; Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering , P.O. Box 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- J. M. López
- ORCiD
- Universidad Autonoma de Baja California , Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Punta Moro, Ensenada BC, Mexico
- V. M. Larionov
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia; Pulkovo Observatory , St. Petersburg, 196140, Russia
- E. G. Larionova
- ORCiD
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
- L. V. Larionova
- ORCiD
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
- C. Leto
- Space Science Data Center (SSDC) - ASI , via del Politecnico, s.n.c., I-00133, Roma, Italy; Italian Space Agency , ASI, via del Politecnico snc, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- C. Lorey
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- R. Mújica
- ORCiD
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica , Óptica y Electrónica, AP 51 and 216, 72000 Tonantzintla, Pue, Mexico
- G. M. Madejski
- SLAC National Accelerator Center and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, USA
- N. Marchili
- ORCiD
- INAF—Istituto di Radioastronomia , Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- A. P. Marscher
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University , 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- M. Minev
- Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia , BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
- A. Modaressi
- Connecticut College , Department of Physics, Astronomy and Geophysics, New London, CT 06320, USA
- D. A. Morozova
- ORCiD
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
- T. Mufakharov
- ORCiD
- Special Astrophysical Observatory of RAS , Nizhny Arkhyz 369167, Russia; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
- I. Myserlis
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Radio Astronomía Milimétrica , Avenida Divina Pastora, 7, Local 20, E-18012 Granada, Spain
- A. A. Nikiforova
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia; Pulkovo Observatory , St. Petersburg, 196140, Russia
- M. G. Nikolashvili
- ORCiD
- Abastumani Observatory , Mount Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, Georgia; Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg , Königstuhl 12, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- E. Ovcharov
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia , BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
- M. Perri
- ORCiD
- Space Science Data Center (SSDC) - ASI , via del Politecnico, s.n.c., I-00133, Roma, Italy; INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via di Frascati 33, I-00040 Monteporzio, Italy
- C. M. Raiteri
- ORCiD
- INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino , via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy
- A. C. S. Readhead
- ORCiD
- Owens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- A. Reimer
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astro- and Particle Physics, University of Innsbruck , A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- D. Reinhart
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- S. Righini
- INAF—Istituto di Radioastronomia , Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- K. Rosenlehner
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- A. C. Sadun
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Denver , Denver, CO 80217-3364, USA
- S. S. Savchenko
- ORCiD
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia; Pulkovo Observatory , St. Petersburg, 196140, Russia
- A. Scherbantin
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- L. Schneider
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- K. Schoch
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- D. Seifert
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- E. Semkov
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory , Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko shosse Boulevard, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
- L. A. Sigua
- Abastumani Observatory , Mount Kanobili, 0301 Abastumani, Georgia
- C. Singh
- Connecticut College , Department of Physics, Astronomy and Geophysics, New London, CT 06320, USA
- P. Sola
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Y. Sotnikova
- Special Astrophysical Observatory of RAS , Nizhny Arkhyz 369167, Russia
- M. Spencer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, N283 ESC, Brigham Young University , Provo, UT 84602, USA
- R. Steineke
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- M. Stojanovic
- Astronomical Observatory , Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
- A. Strigachev
- Institute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory , Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko shosse Boulevard, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
- M. Tornikoski
- ORCiD
- Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory , Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
- E. Traianou
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008, Granada, Spain
- A. Tramacere
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva , Ch. d’Écogia 16, Versoix, 1290, Switzerland
- Yu. V. Troitskaya
- ORCiD
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
- I. S. Troitskiy
- ORCiD
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
- J. B. Trump
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, N283 ESC, Brigham Young University , Provo, UT 84602, USA
- A. Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University , 300 Zhongda Road, Zhongli 32001, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- A. Valcheva
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia , BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
- A. A. Vasilyev
- ORCiD
- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
- F. Verrecchia
- ORCiD
- Space Science Data Center (SSDC) - ASI , via del Politecnico, s.n.c., I-00133, Roma, Italy; INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via di Frascati 33, I-00040 Monteporzio, Italy
- M. Villata
- ORCiD
- INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino , via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy
- O. Vince
- Astronomical Observatory , Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
- K. Vrontaki
- Section of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , GR-15784 Zografos, Athens, Greece
- Z. R. Weaver
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University , 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- E. Zaharieva
- Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia , BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
- N. Zottmann
- Hans-Haffner-Sternwarte (Hettstadt), Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler am FKG ; Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/acc181
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 266,
no. 2
p. 37
Abstract
We study the broadband emission of Mrk 501 using multiwavelength observations from 2017 to 2020 performed with a multitude of instruments, involving, among others, MAGIC, Fermi's Large Area Telescope (LAT), NuSTAR, Swift, GASP-WEBT, and the Owens Valley Radio Observatory. Mrk 501 showed an extremely low broadband activity, which may help to unravel its baseline emission. Nonetheless, significant flux variations are detected at all wave bands, with the highest occurring at X-rays and very-high-energy (VHE) γ -rays. A significant correlation (>3 σ ) between X-rays and VHE γ -rays is measured, supporting leptonic scenarios to explain the variable parts of the emission, also during low activity. This is further supported when we extend our data from 2008 to 2020, and identify, for the first time, significant correlations between the Swift X-Ray Telescope and Fermi-LAT. We additionally find correlations between high-energy γ -rays and radio, with the radio lagging by more than 100 days, placing the γ -ray emission zone upstream of the radio-bright regions in the jet. Furthermore, Mrk 501 showed a historically low activity in X-rays and VHE γ -rays from mid-2017 to mid-2019 with a stable VHE flux (>0.2 TeV) of 5% the emission of the Crab Nebula. The broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) of this 2 yr long low state, the potential baseline emission of Mrk 501, can be characterized with one-zone leptonic models, and with (lepto)-hadronic models fulfilling neutrino flux constraints from IceCube. We explore the time evolution of the SED toward the low state, revealing that the stable baseline emission may be ascribed to a standing shock, and the variable emission to an additional expanding or traveling shock.
Keywords
