Incorrectly Focused Neodymium:Yttrium–Aluminum-Garnet (Nd:YAG) Laser Beam Leads to Massive Destructive Effects in Small-Aperture (Pinhole) Intraocular Lenses

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Pinhole intraocular lenses (IOLs) were developed to improve reading by compensating for loss of accommodative function. The IC-8® Apthera™ is a small-aperture presbyopia-correcting IOL that combines the proven principle of small-aperture optics with an aspheric monofocal lens to deliver a continuous range of vision for patients with cataracts from distance to near vision. Posterior capsule opacification is the most common sequela after cataract surgery. It is effectively treated by laser capsulotomy. However, if the laser beam is incorrectly focused, the IOL can be permanently damaged (pits/shots). Methods In this experimental study, yttrium–aluminum-garnet (YAG) pits were purposefully created. Defects were analyzed and compared between the periphery of the ring in the clear area of the hydrophobic acrylic lens and at the carbon black (CB)-polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) filtering component (FilterRing™) of the pinhole lens. All defects were made using identical settings/energy levels (2.6 mJ). The damage induced to the IC-8® Apthera™ IOL was examined by low-magnification images, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Results YAG defects in the carbon black filter ring were much more severe than those in the clear zone due to the high absorption of the carbon black. Massive defects and destruction of the lens with tearing out of fragments and particles were observed. The missing volume calculated from the micro-CT reconstruction was 0.266 mm3, which is 1.6% of the entire IOL volume, or more than 1000 times the volume damaged in the largest shot in the periphery. Conclusion Based on the results, we highly recommend using the lowest possible energy levels, posterior offset setting, and circular pattern for maximum safety when performing laser capsulotomy with pinhole implants. Care should be taken to avoid creating irreversible iatrogenic defects that may affect overall quality. The safest area for performing capsulotomy seems to be the periphery of the ring segment. Video available for this article.

Keywords

• Small aperture
• Pinhole intraocular lens
• Presbyopia correcting lens
• Damage in intraocular lens
• YAG pits
• Hydrophobic acrylic