CoCl₂-Mimicked Endothelial Cell Hypoxia Induces Nucleotide Depletion and Functional Impairment That Is Reversed by Nucleotide Precursors

Abstract

Chronic hypoxia drives vascular dysfunction by various mechanisms, including changes in mitochondrial respiration. Although endothelial cells (ECs) rely predominantly on glycolysis, hypoxia is known to alter oxidative phosphorylation, promote oxidative stress and induce dysfunction in ECs. Our work aimed to analyze the effects of prolonged treatment with hypoxia-mimetic agent CoCl2 on intracellular nucleotide concentration, extracellular nucleotide breakdown, mitochondrial function, and nitric oxide (NO) production in microvascular ECs. Moreover, we investigated how nucleotide precursor supplementation and adenosine deaminase inhibition protected against CoCl2-mediated disturbances. Mouse (H5V) and human (HMEC-1) microvascular ECs were exposed to CoCl2-mimicked hypoxia for 24 h in the presence of nucleotide precursors: adenine and ribose, and adenosine deaminase inhibitor, 2′deoxycoformycin. CoCl2 treatment decreased NO production by ECs, depleted intracellular ATP concentration, and increased extracellular nucleotide and adenosine catabolism in both H5V and HMEC-1 cell lines. Diminished intracellular ATP level was the effect of disturbed mitochondrial phosphorylation, while nucleotide precursors effectively restored the ATP pool via the salvage pathway and improved endothelial function under CoCl2 treatment. Endothelial protective effects of adenine and ribose were further enhanced by adenosine deaminase inhibition, that increased adenosine concentration. This work points to a novel strategy for protection of hypoxic ECs by replenishing the adenine nucleotide pool and promoting adenosine signaling.

Keywords

• endothelium
• hypoxia
• nucleotides
• adenine
• ribose
• nitric oxide