جغرافیا و برنامهریزی محیطی (Jun 2023)
Estimating the Accuracy of the TanDEM-X Digital Elevation Model in the Simulation of Flood Hydraulic Characteristics (Case Study: Atrak River Basin)
Abstract
AbstractHydraulic modelling of floods plays an important role in flood management and the related risk reduction. The case study in this research was a 20-km reach of the Atrak River in the upstream of Maraveh Tappeh City, which is one of the most hazardous regions of Iran from flood viewpoint. The aim of this research was to estimate the accuracy of the TanDEM-X digital elevation model with a resolution of 12 meters in simulating flood hydraulic characteristics. To achieve this aim, the HEC-RAS 2D model was used in steady conditions to simulate floods with a return period of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 years. The results indicated that the inundation area varied in the range of 4.40 km2(return period of 5 years) and5.93 km2 (return period of 200 years). In the return period of 200 years, the mean flow depth and velocity increased by 67.9 and 49.5% compared to the return period of 5 years, respectively. The sensitivity test also indicated that the maximum sensitivities of the inundation area, mean flow depth, and mean flow velocity to Manning’s coefficient were4.65, 4.84, and -12.23%, respectively. The validation results of the HEC-RAS 2D model by using the inundation area extracted from Landsat-8 OLI satellite images for a return period of 10 years showed that the fit percentage indicator was 86%. The results of this study indicated an initial effort for hydraulic modelling of flood characteristics with the TDX elevation digital model.Keywords:HEC-RAS 2D model, Frequency analysis, Hydraulic modelling, Landsat-8 satellite images IntroductionFloods are among the most common and destructive natural disasters worldwide, imposing various adverse effects in different countries (Bui et al., 2018). These include fatalities, damage to infrastructures, people displacement, and environmental damages (Rahmati et al., 2020). Over the last decade, floods have affected millions of people worldwide and caused a damage of more than US$ 400 billion (Aerts, 2020). In Asia, more than 90% of human casualties resulting from natural disasters stem from flood events (Smith, 2003). Among several countries in Asia, Iran faces destructive floods each year due to its vast extent and heavy precipitations in most basins (Jahangir et al., 2019). Over the past 60 years, more than 3,700 flood events have been reported in Iran, while during the last decade, the damage caused by flooding has increased by 250% (Norouzi and Taslimi, 2012). Iran has recently experienced immense floods because of poor watershed management and climate change (Pouyan et al., 2021). In 2019, flooding events affected 25 out of 31 provinces, resulting in more than 77 human casualties and damage of US$ 2.2 billion (Khosravi et al., 2018). Even though we do not have an accurate answer to how climate change may impact flooding events, such as the ones that occurred in 2019(Sherpa and Shirzaei, 2021), a recent study has suggested that Iran will probably experience a higher frequency of floods in the future (Vaghefi et al., 2019). In addition, the growth of urbanization and increasing deforestation will make the condition worse (Arabameri et al., 2019). MethodologyIn the current study, the long-term (1977-2017) data of maximum discharge in the hydrometric station of Qazanqaya were used for the frequency analysis of Flood Peak Discharge (FPD). The stationarity in the time series of annual maximum peak discharge was checked before fitting the distribution. For computing FPD in the various return periods for the hydrometric station of Qazanqaya, the annual maximum discharge records were fitted via EasyFit software. Three goodness-of-fit criteria, including Anderson-Darling, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and Chi-square, were adopted to select the best-fitted distribution. Finally, flood discharges with 5-, 10-, 25-, 50- 100-, and 200-yr return periods were estimated for the hydrometric station based on the corresponding best-fitted distribution. This study simulated 2D steady flow in a return period of 5-200 years using HEC-RAS 5.0 software (U.S. Army Corps of Engineering, 2016). Due to the complex numerical schemes, 2D diffusive wave equations could provide greater stability and faster calculation times (Li et al., 2020) and were thus used in this study to simulate 2D steady flows in a return period of 5 to 200 years. The peak flow discharges in the return periods of 5-200 years estimated from frequency analysis in the hydrometric station of Qazanqaya were considered as the upstream boundary conditions in the hydraulic model. Furthermore, the downstream boundary conditions were considered as normal depth conditions obtained based on the energy slope. Manning’s roughness coefficients of the main channel and floodplain were estimated based on the land cover mapand USGS method (Arcement and Schneider, 1989). In the previous studies, modification of Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) has been successfully done to map the flooding areas (Li et al., 2018). Hence, based on the date of the flood events, which were recorded in the hydrometric station of Qazanqaya, the flooded area was extracted from Landsat-8 OLI images. On the other hand, the fit percentage indicator proved to be useful for the validation of flood inundation models (Khojeh et al., 2022). A value of closer to 100% could denote a better agreement in flood extent modeling by TDX Digital Elevation Model. DiscussionThe results of hydraulic modelling indicated that the inundation area varied in the range of 4.40 square kilometers (return period of 5 years) and5.93 square kilometers (return period of 200 years). On the other hand, in the return period of 200 years, the mean flow depth and velocity increased by 67.9 and 49.5% compared to the return period of 5 years, respectively. The validation results of the HEC-RAS 2D model by using the inundation area extracted from Landsat-8 OLI satellite images for a 10-yr return period indicated that the fit percentage indicator was 86%, indicating a high agreement of flood modeling results based onthe TDX digital elevation model. ConclusionThe results of the frequency analysis and estimation of flood peak discharges with a return period of 5 to 200 years in the Atrak River Basin showed that this basin with peak discharges between 487.8 m3/s (5-year flood) and 1605.6 m3/s (200-year flood) could be considered as one of the most dangerous basins in Iran, which could cause a lot of human and financial losses, especially for floods with a high return period. Although HEC-RAS 2D modeling based on the TDX digital elevation model with a resolution of 12 m indicated that this digital elevation model with an accuracy of 86% (14% error) was probably better than digital elevation models, such as SRTM, ASTER, and ALOS, with a resolution of 30 m , its validation for other flood-prone areas of Iran was necessary. References- Aerts, J. C. J. H. (2020). Integrating agent-based approaches with flood risk models: A review and perspective. 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