Nuclear Fusion (Jan 2024)
Non-linear MHD modelling of transients in tokamaks: a review of recent advances with the JOREK code
- M. Hoelzl,
- G.T.A. Huijsmans,
- F.J. Artola,
- E. Nardon,
- M. Becoulet,
- N. Schwarz,
- A. Cathey,
- S.J.P. Pamela,
- K. Aleynikova,
- F. Antlitz,
- V. Bandaru,
- H. Bergström,
- A. Bhole,
- T. Bogaarts,
- D. Bonfiglio,
- F. Cipolletta,
- T. Driessen,
- L. Edes,
- S. Futatani,
- G. Hao,
- F. Hindenlang,
- I. Holod,
- D. Hu,
- S. Hu,
- N. Isernia,
- H. Isliker,
- S.K. Kim,
- M. Kong,
- S. Korving,
- L. Kos,
- I. Krebs,
- S.J. Lee,
- Y.C. Liang,
- Z. Liang,
- S.J. Liu,
- Z.X. Lu,
- L. Meier,
- L. Messfeldt,
- V. Mitterauer,
- N. Nikulsin,
- B. Nkonga,
- R. Ramasamy,
- J. Reinking,
- C. Rogge,
- G. Rubinacci,
- K. Särkimäki,
- T. Smits,
- C. Sommariva,
- R. Sparago,
- K. Strien,
- M. Szucs,
- W. Tang,
- J. van Tongeren,
- F. Vannini,
- S. Ventre,
- F. Villone,
- C. Wang,
- L. Wang,
- F. Wieschollek,
- F. Wouters,
- J. Zielinski,
- H. Zhang
Affiliations
- M. Hoelzl
- ORCiD
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- G.T.A. Huijsmans
- CEA, IRFM , Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France; Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven, Netherlands
- F.J. Artola
- ITER Organization , Saint Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
- E. Nardon
- ORCiD
- CEA, IRFM , Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- M. Becoulet
- CEA, IRFM , Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- N. Schwarz
- ORCiD
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- A. Cathey
- ORCiD
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- S.J.P. Pamela
- UKAEA (United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority), Culham Campus , Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- K. Aleynikova
- ORCiD
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- F. Antlitz
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- V. Bandaru
- Indian Institute of Technology , Guwahati, India
- H. Bergström
- ORCiD
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- A. Bhole
- University Côte d’Azur and Inria d’UniCA , Nice Sophia-Antipolis, France; KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm, Sweden
- T. Bogaarts
- ORCiD
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany; Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven, Netherlands
- D. Bonfiglio
- ORCiD
- Consorzio RFX and CNR-ISTP Padova , Italy
- F. Cipolletta
- ORCiD
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) , Plaça d’Eusebi Güell, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- T. Driessen
- ITER Organization , Saint Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
- L. Edes
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- S. Futatani
- ORCiD
- Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya , Barcelona, Spain
- G. Hao
- ORCiD
- Southwestern Institute of Physics , Chengdu, China
- F. Hindenlang
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- I. Holod
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- D. Hu
- ORCiD
- School of Physics, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- S. Hu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics , Chengdu, China
- N. Isernia
- ORCiD
- Consorzio CREATE, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II , Napoli, Italy
- H. Isliker
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Laboratory, Dep. of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
- S.K. Kim
- ORCiD
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , Princeton, NJ, United States of America
- M. Kong
- ORCiD
- UKAEA (United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority), Culham Campus , Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- S. Korving
- Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven, Netherlands; ITER Organization , Saint Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
- L. Kos
- ORCiD
- LECAD Laboratory, Mech. Eng., University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia
- I. Krebs
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany; Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven, Netherlands; DIFFER—Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research , Eindhoven, Netherlands
- S.J. Lee
- Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea, Republic Of
- Y.C. Liang
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- Z. Liang
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany; School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, China
- S.J. Liu
- ORCiD
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- Z.X. Lu
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- L. Meier
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany; Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven, Netherlands
- L. Messfeldt
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- V. Mitterauer
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- N. Nikulsin
- ORCiD
- Princeton University , Princeton, United States of America
- B. Nkonga
- University Côte d’Azur and Inria d’UniCA , Nice Sophia-Antipolis, France
- R. Ramasamy
- ORCiD
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- J. Reinking
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- C. Rogge
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- G. Rubinacci
- ORCiD
- Consorzio CREATE, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II , Napoli, Italy
- K. Särkimäki
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- T. Smits
- Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven, Netherlands
- C. Sommariva
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- R. Sparago
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany; ITER Organization , Saint Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
- K. Strien
- Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven, Netherlands; ITER Organization , Saint Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
- M. Szucs
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- W. Tang
- ORCiD
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- J. van Tongeren
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany; Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven, Netherlands
- F. Vannini
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- S. Ventre
- Consorzio CREATE, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II , Napoli, Italy
- F. Villone
- Consorzio CREATE, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II , Napoli, Italy
- C. Wang
- ORCiD
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- L. Wang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics , Chengdu, China
- F. Wieschollek
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- F. Wouters
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany; Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven, Netherlands
- J. Zielinski
- University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Canada
- H. Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching bei München and Greifswald , Germany
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ad5a21
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 64,
no. 11
p. 112016
Abstract
Transient magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) events like edge localized modes (ELMs) or disruptions are a concern for magnetic confinement fusion power plants. Research with the MHD code JOREK towards understanding control of such instabilities is reviewed here in a concise way to provide a complete overview, while we refer to the original publications for details. Experimental validation for unmitigated vertical displacement events progressed. The mechanism of vertical force mitigation by impurity injection was identified. Two-way eddy current coupling to CARIDDI was completed. Shattered pellet injection was simulated in JET, KSTAR, ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) and ITER. Benign runaway electron beam termination in JET and ITER was studied. Coupling of kinetic REs to the MHD is ongoing and a virtual RE synchrotron radiation diagnostic was developed. Regarding pedestal physics, regimes devoid of large ELMs in AUG were simulated and predictive JT60-SA simulations are ongoing. For ELM suppression by resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs), AUG, ITER and EAST simulations were performed. A free boundary RMP model was validated against experiments. Evidence for penetrated magnetic islands at the pedestal top based on AUG experiments and simulations was found. Simulations of the naturally ELM-free quiescent H-mode in AUG and HL-3 show external kink mode formation prevents pedestal build-up towards an ELM within windows of the edge safety factor. With kinetic neutral particles, high field side high density formation in ITER was simulated and with kinetic impurities, tungsten transport in AUG RMP plasmas was studied. To capture turbulent transport, electro-static full-f particle in cell models for ion temperature gradient and trapped electron modes were established and benchmarked. Application to RMP plasmas shows enhanced turbulence in comparison to unperturbed states. Energetic particle interactions with MHD were studied. Flux pumping that prevents the safety factor on axis from dropping below unity was simulated. First non-linear stellarator applications include current relaxation in l = 2 stellarators, while verification for advanced stellarators progresses.
Keywords
- non-linear MHD
- transient plasma instabilities
- magnetic confinement fusion
- disruptions
- pedestal instabilities
