Long‐Term Variability of Mars' Exosphere Density Based on Precise Orbital Analysis of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Mars Odyssey

Abstract

Abstract The variability of Mars exosphere over monthly to solar‐cycle scales at 251 and 412 km altitude is quantified by analysis of 41‐Ls mean densities derived from precise orbit determination of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) and Mars Odyssey (MO) satellites, respectively. The data encompass 2006–2020 (MRO) and 2002–2020 (MO). At both altitudes, most of the variance is captured by cos(Ls–ϕ), where ϕ ≈ 258°. This term represents the effects of solar heating changes due to the eccentricity of Mars orbit around the Sun, and climatological changes in heating due to lower‐atmosphere dust loading, which does not play a significant role. The remaining variability is connected with the “irregular” variability of solar flux over monthly time scales. For MO, the presence of Helium disrupts a clean correlation with these sources.

Keywords

• Mars
• exosphere
• density
• MRO
• MO
• long‐term