Investigating the Use of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Odor Expression as a Non-Invasive Diagnostic Tool—Pilot Study

Abstract

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been enormous interest in the development of measures that would allow for the swift detection of the disease. The rapid screening and preliminary diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection allow for the instant identification of possibly infected individuals and the subsequent mitigation of the disease spread. Herein, the detection of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals was explored using noninvasive sampling and low-preparatory-work analytical instrumentation. Hand odor samples were obtained from SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative individuals. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were extracted from the collected hand odor samples using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) was used to develop predictive models using the suspected variant sample subsets. The developed sPLS-DA models performed moderately (75.8% (±0.4) accuracy, 81.8% sensitivity, 69.7% specificity) at distinguishing between SARS-CoV-2-positive and negative -individuals based on the VOC signatures alone. Potential markers for distinguishing between infection statuses were preliminarily acquired using this multivariate data analysis. This work highlights the potential of using odor signatures as a diagnostic tool and sets the groundwork for the optimization of other rapid screening sensors such as e-noses or detection canines.

Keywords

• SARS-CoV-2
• COVID-19
• odor signature
• HS-SPME-GC-MS
• machine learning
• sPLS-DA modeling