Cytosolic pH Controls Fungal MAPK Signaling and Pathogenicity

Abstract

ABSTRACT Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate a variety of cellular processes in eukaryotes. In fungal pathogens, conserved MAPK pathways control key virulence functions such as infection-related development, invasive hyphal growth, or cell wall remodeling. Recent findings suggest that ambient pH acts as a key regulator of MAPK-mediated pathogenicity, but the underlying molecular events are unknown. Here, we found that in the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum, pH controls another infection-related process, hyphal chemotropism. Using the ratiometric pH sensor pHluorin we show that fluctuations in cytosolic pH (pHc) induce rapid reprogramming of the three conserved MAPKs in F. oxysporum, and that this response is conserved in the fungal model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Screening of a subset of S. cerevisiae mutants identified the sphingolipid-regulated AGC kinase Ypk1/2 as a key upstream component of pHc-modulated MAPK responses. We further show that acidification of the cytosol in F. oxysporum leads to an increase of the long-chain base (LCB) sphingolipid dihydrosphingosine (dhSph) and that exogenous addition of dhSph activates Mpk1 phosphorylation and chemotropic growth. Our results reveal a pivotal role of pHc in the regulation of MAPK signaling and suggest new ways to target fungal growth and pathogenicity. IMPORTANCE Fungal phytopathogens cause devastating losses in global agriculture. All plant-infecting fungi use conserved MAPK signaling pathways to successfully locate, enter, and colonize their hosts. In addition, many pathogens also manipulate the pH of the host tissue to increase their virulence. Here, we establish a functional link between cytosolic pH (pHc) and MAPK signaling in the control of pathogenicity in the vascular wilt fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. We demonstrate that fluctuations in pHc cause rapid reprogramming of MAPK phosphorylation, which directly impacts key processes required for infection, such as hyphal chemotropism and invasive growth. Targeting pHc homeostasis and MAPK signaling can thus open new ways to combat fungal infection.

Keywords

• MAP kinases
• chemotropism
• pH homeostasis
• pathogenicity
• virulence regulation