IEEE Journal of Microwaves (Jan 2023)
Microwave-Enabled Wearables: Underpinning Technologies, Integration Platforms, and Next-Generation Roadmap
- Mahmoud Wagih,
- Leonardo Balocchi,
- Francesca Benassi,
- Nuno B. Carvalho,
- Jung-Chih Chiao,
- Ricardo Correia,
- Alessandra Costanzo,
- Yepu Cui,
- Dimitra Georgiadou,
- Carolina Gouveia,
- Jasmin Grosinger,
- John S. Ho,
- Kexin Hu,
- Abiodun Komolafe,
- Sam Lemey,
- Caroline Loss,
- Gaetano Marrocco,
- Paul Mitcheson,
- Valentina Palazzi,
- Nicoletta Panunzio,
- Giacomo Paolini,
- Pedro Pinho,
- Josef Preishuber-Pflugl,
- Yasser Qaragoez,
- Hamed Rahmani,
- Hendrik Rogier,
- Jose Romero Lopera,
- Luca Roselli,
- Dominique Schreurs,
- Manos Tentzeris,
- Xi Tian,
- Russel Torah,
- Ricardo Torres,
- Patrick Van Torre,
- Dieff Vital,
- Steve Beeby
Affiliations
- Mahmoud Wagih
- ORCiD
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K.
- Leonardo Balocchi
- ORCiD
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Francesca Benassi
- ORCiD
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, BO, Italy
- Nuno B. Carvalho
- ORCiD
- Departamento de Eletrónica, Telecomunicações e Informática, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Jung-Chih Chiao
- ORCiD
- Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
- Ricardo Correia
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal
- Alessandra Costanzo
- ORCiD
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, BO, Italy
- Yepu Cui
- ORCiD
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Dimitra Georgiadou
- ORCiD
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K.
- Carolina Gouveia
- ORCiD
- Departamento de Eletrónica, Telecomunicações e Informática, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Jasmin Grosinger
- ORCiD
- Institute of Microwave and Photonic Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- John S. Ho
- ORCiD
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Kexin Hu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Abiodun Komolafe
- ORCiD
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K.
- Sam Lemey
- ORCiD
- IDLab-Electromagnetics group, Ghent University-imec, Gent, Belgium
- Caroline Loss
- Arts Department, FibEnTech Research Unit, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Gaetano Marrocco
- ORCiD
- Pervasive Electromagnetics Lab, Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Paul Mitcheson
- ORCiD
- Wireless Power Lab, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K.
- Valentina Palazzi
- ORCiD
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Nicoletta Panunzio
- ORCiD
- Pervasive Electromagnetics Lab, Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Giacomo Paolini
- ORCiD
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, BO, Italy
- Pedro Pinho
- ORCiD
- Departamento de Eletrónica, Telecomunicações e Informática, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Josef Preishuber-Pflugl
- CISC Semiconductor GmbH, Klagenfurt, Austria
- Yasser Qaragoez
- Division ESAT-WAVECORE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Hamed Rahmani
- ORCiD
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
- Hendrik Rogier
- ORCiD
- IDLab-Electromagnetics group, Ghent University-imec, Gent, Belgium
- Jose Romero Lopera
- ORCiD
- Institute of Microwave and Photonic Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Luca Roselli
- ORCiD
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Dominique Schreurs
- ORCiD
- Division ESAT-WAVECORE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Manos Tentzeris
- ORCiD
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Xi Tian
- ORCiD
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Russel Torah
- ORCiD
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K.
- Ricardo Torres
- ORCiD
- Departamento de Eletrónica, Telecomunicações e Informática, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Patrick Van Torre
- ORCiD
- IDLab-Electromagnetics group, Ghent University-imec, Gent, Belgium
- Dieff Vital
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Steve Beeby
- ORCiD
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K.
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2022.3223254
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 3,
no. 1
pp. 193 – 226
Abstract
This paper presents a holistic and authoritative review of the role of microwave technologies in enabling a new generation of wearable devices. A human-centric Internet of Things (IoT) covering remote healthcare, distributed sensing, and consumer electronics, calls for high-performance wearable devices integrated into clothing, which require interdisciplinary research efforts to emerge. Microwaves, the “interconnect” of wireless networks, can enable, rather than solely connect, the next generation of autonomous, sustainable, and wearable-friendly electronics. First, enabling technologies including wireless power transmission and RF energy harvesting, backscattering and passive communication, RFID, and electromagnetic sensing are reviewed. We then discuss the key integration platforms, covering smart fabrics and electronic textiles, additive manufacturing, printed electronics, natively-flexible and organic RF semiconductors, and fully-integrated CMOS systems, where opportunities for hybrid integration are highlighted. The emerging research trends, from mmWave 6G, RF sensing and imaging, to healthcare applications including neural implants, drug delivery, and safety upon exposure to microwaves are re-visited and discussed, presenting a future roadmap for interdisciplinary research towards sustainable and reliable next-generation wearables.
Keywords
