The Intersection Between Lateral Mass and Inferomedial Edge of the C1 Posterior Arch: A Reference Point for C1 Lateral Mass Screw Insertion

Abstract

Objective To determine the ideal Atlas (C1) lateral mass screw placement and trajectory using the intersection between the lateral mass and inferomedial edge of the posterior arch as an easily identifiable and reproducible medial reference point. Selection of an ideal entry point and trajectory of C1 lateral mass screw insertion can help to minimize neurovascular injuries. While various techniques for screw insertion have been proposed in the past, they all require extensive dissection of the C1 lateral mass, which can cause profuse bleeding. Methods Ninety-three 3-dimensional computed tomography reconstructed images of C1 lateral masses in adult patients were utilized to simulate the placement of C1 lateral mass screws via 4 entry points and 2 trajectory angles referencing off of a medial reference point using Vero’s VISI 17 software. The safety during screw insertion simulation, as well as the screw length, were evaluated. Results We found that C1 lateral mass screws could be safely placed bilaterally at 3 mm lateral to the reference point in both 0° and 15° medial screw angulation without violation of the cortex. The 15° medial angulation allowed for longer (18 mm) screws than the 0° angulation. Conclusion We recommend starting C1 lateral mass screws 3 mm lateral to the intersection between the lateral mass and inferomedial edge of the posterior arch at a 15° medial angulation.

Keywords

• atlantoaxial fixation
• c1 lateral mass screw fixation
• isolated medial reference
• inferomedial edge of posterior c1 arch
• mediolateral trajectory
• craniocaudal trajectory