Conservation Letters (Mar 2024)
Tropical field stations yield high conservation return on investment
- Timothy M. Eppley,
- Kim E. Reuter,
- Timothy M. Sefczek,
- Jen Tinsman,
- Luca Santini,
- Selwyn Hoeks,
- Seheno Andriantsaralaza,
- Sam Shanee,
- Anthony Di Fiore,
- Joanna M. Setchell,
- Karen B. Strier,
- Peter A. Abanyam,
- Aini Hasanah Abd Mutalib,
- Ekwoge Abwe,
- Tanvir Ahmed,
- Marc Ancrenaz,
- Raphali R. Andriantsimanarilafy,
- Andie Ang,
- Filippo Aureli,
- Louise Barrett,
- Jacinta C. Beehner,
- Marcela E. Benítez,
- Bruna M. Bezerra,
- Júlio César Bicca‐Marques,
- Dominique Bikaba,
- Robert Bitariho,
- Christophe Boesch,
- Laura M. Bolt,
- Ramesh Boonratana,
- Thomas M. Butynski,
- Gustavo R. Canale,
- Susana Carvalho,
- Colin A. Chapman,
- Dilip Chetry,
- Susan M. Cheyne,
- Marina Cords,
- Fanny M. Cornejo,
- Liliana Cortés‐Ortiz,
- Camille N. Z. Coudrat,
- Margaret C. Crofoot,
- Drew T. Cronin,
- Alvine Dadjo,
- S. Chrystelle Dakpogan,
- Emmanuel Danquah,
- Tim R. B. Davenport,
- Yvonne A. deJong,
- Stella de laTorre,
- Andrea Dempsey,
- Judeline C. Dimalibot,
- Rainer Dolch,
- Giuseppe Donati,
- Alejandro Estrada,
- Rassina A. Farassi,
- Peter J. Fashing,
- Eduardo Fernandez‐Duque,
- Maria J. Ferreira da Silva,
- Julia Fischer,
- César F. Flores‐Negrón,
- Barbara Fruth,
- Terence Fuh Neba,
- Lief Erikson Gamalo,
- Jörg U. Ganzhorn,
- Paul A. Garber,
- Smitha D. Gnanaolivu,
- Mary Katherine Gonder,
- Sery Ernest Gonedelé Bi,
- Benoit Goossens,
- Marcelo Gordo,
- Juan M. Guayasamin,
- Diana C. Guzmán‐Caro,
- Andrew R. Halloran,
- Jessica A. Hartel,
- Eckhard W. Heymann,
- Russell A. Hill,
- Kimberley J. Hockings,
- Gottfried Hohmann,
- Naven Hon,
- Mariano G. Houngbédji,
- Michael A. Huffman,
- Rachel A. Ikemeh,
- Inaoyom Imong,
- Mitchell T. Irwin,
- Patrícia Izar,
- Leandro Jerusalinsky,
- Gladys Kalema‐Zikusoka,
- Beth A. Kaplin,
- Peter M. Kappeler,
- Stanislaus M. Kivai,
- Cheryl D. Knott,
- Intanon Kolasartsanee,
- Kathelijne Koops,
- Martin M. Kowalewski,
- Deo Kujirakwinja,
- Ajith Kumar,
- Quyet K. Le,
- Rebecca J. Lewis,
- Aung Ko Lin,
- Andrés Link,
- Luz I. Loría,
- Menladi M. Lormie,
- Edward E. Louis Jr.,
- Ngwe Lwin,
- Fiona Maisels,
- Suchinda Malaivijitnond,
- Lesley Marisa,
- Gráinne M. McCabe,
- W. Scott McGraw,
- Addisu Mekonnen,
- Pedro G. Méndez‐Carvajal,
- Tânia Minhós,
- David M. Montgomery,
- Citlalli Morelos‐Juárez,
- Bethan J. Morgan,
- David Morgan,
- Amancio Motove Etingüe,
- Papa Ibnou Ndiaye,
- K. Anne‐Isola Nekaris,
- Nga Nguyen,
- Vincent Nijman,
- Radar Nishuli,
- Marilyn A. Norconk,
- Luciana I. Oklander,
- Rahayu Oktaviani,
- Julia Ostner,
- Emily Otali,
- Susan E. Perry,
- Eduardo J. Pinel Ramos,
- Leila M. Porter,
- Jill D. Pruetz,
- Anne E. Pusey,
- Helder L. Queiroz,
- Mónica A. Ramírez,
- Guy Hermas Randriatahina,
- Hoby Rasoanaivo,
- Jonah Ratsimbazafy,
- Joelisoa Ratsirarson,
- Josia Razafindramanana,
- Onja H. Razafindratsima,
- Vernon Reynolds,
- Rizaldi Rizaldi,
- Martha M. Robbins,
- Melissa E. Rodríguez,
- Marleny Rosales‐Meda,
- Crickette M. Sanz,
- Dipto Sarkar,
- Anne Savage,
- Amy L. Schreier,
- Oliver Schülke,
- Gabriel H. Segniagbeto,
- Juan Carlos Serio‐Silva,
- Arif Setiawan,
- John Seyjagat,
- Felipe E. Silva,
- Elizabeth M. Sinclair,
- Rebecca L. Smith,
- Denise Spaan,
- Fiona A. Stewart,
- Shirley C. Strum,
- Martin Surbeck,
- Magdalena S. Svensson,
- Mauricio Talebi,
- Luc Roscelin Tédonzong,
- Bernardo Urbani,
- João Valsecchi,
- Natalie Vasey,
- Erin R. Vogel,
- Robert B. Wallace,
- Janette Wallis,
- Siân Waters,
- Roman M. Wittig,
- Richard W. Wrangham,
- Patricia C. Wright,
- Russell A. Mittermeier
Affiliations
- Timothy M. Eppley
- Wildlife Madagascar Antananarivo Madagascar
- Kim E. Reuter
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Timothy M. Sefczek
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Jen Tinsman
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Luca Santini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin” Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
- Selwyn Hoeks
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Seheno Andriantsaralaza
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Sam Shanee
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
- Joanna M. Setchell
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Karen B. Strier
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Peter A. Abanyam
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Aini Hasanah Abd Mutalib
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Ekwoge Abwe
- Conservation Science and Wildlife Health San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Escondido California USA
- Tanvir Ahmed
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Marc Ancrenaz
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Raphali R. Andriantsimanarilafy
- Madagasikara Voakajy Antananarivo Madagascar
- Andie Ang
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Filippo Aureli
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Louise Barrett
- Department of Psychology University of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta Canada
- Jacinta C. Beehner
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Marcela E. Benítez
- Department of Anthropology Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA
- Bruna M. Bezerra
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Júlio César Bicca‐Marques
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Dominique Bikaba
- Strong Roots Congo Bukavu Democratic Republic of Congo
- Robert Bitariho
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mbarara Uganda
- Christophe Boesch
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Laura M. Bolt
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Ramesh Boonratana
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Thomas M. Butynski
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Gustavo R. Canale
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Susana Carvalho
- Primate Models for Behavioural Evolution Lab, Institute of Human Sciences University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Colin A. Chapman
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Dilip Chetry
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Susan M. Cheyne
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Marina Cords
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Fanny M. Cornejo
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Liliana Cortés‐Ortiz
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Camille N. Z. Coudrat
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Margaret C. Crofoot
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior Konstanz Germany
- Drew T. Cronin
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Alvine Dadjo
- Cameroon Biodiversity Protection Program CAMBIO (Cameroon Biodiversity Association) Mbam Djerem Cameroon
- S. Chrystelle Dakpogan
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Emmanuel Danquah
- Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana
- Tim R. B. Davenport
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Yvonne A. deJong
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Stella de laTorre
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Andrea Dempsey
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Judeline C. Dimalibot
- Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences University of the Philippines Los Baños Los Baños Philippines
- Rainer Dolch
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Giuseppe Donati
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Alejandro Estrada
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Rassina A. Farassi
- Fundació UdG: Innovació i Formació Universitat de Girona Girona Spain
- Peter J. Fashing
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Eduardo Fernandez‐Duque
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Maria J. Ferreira da Silva
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Julia Fischer
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory German Primate Center Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Göttingen Germany
- César F. Flores‐Negrón
- San Diego Zoo Global Peru Cusco Perú
- Barbara Fruth
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Terence Fuh Neba
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Lief Erikson Gamalo
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Jörg U. Ganzhorn
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Paul A. Garber
- Department of Anthropology, and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Smitha D. Gnanaolivu
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Mary Katherine Gonder
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Sery Ernest Gonedelé Bi
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Benoit Goossens
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Marcelo Gordo
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Juan M. Guayasamin
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Instituto Biósfera, Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva Universidad San Francisco de Quito Quito Ecuador
- Diana C. Guzmán‐Caro
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Andrew R. Halloran
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Jessica A. Hartel
- Biology Department University of North Georgia Dahlonega Georgia USA
- Eckhard W. Heymann
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Russell A. Hill
- Department of Anthropology Durham University Durham UK
- Kimberley J. Hockings
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Gottfried Hohmann
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
- Naven Hon
- Conservation International‐Cambodia Phnom Penh Cambodia
- Mariano G. Houngbédji
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Michael A. Huffman
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Rachel A. Ikemeh
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Inaoyom Imong
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Mitchell T. Irwin
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Patrícia Izar
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Leandro Jerusalinsky
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Gladys Kalema‐Zikusoka
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Beth A. Kaplin
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Peter M. Kappeler
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Stanislaus M. Kivai
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Cheryl D. Knott
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Intanon Kolasartsanee
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Kathelijne Koops
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Martin M. Kowalewski
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Deo Kujirakwinja
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Ajith Kumar
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Quyet K. Le
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Rebecca J. Lewis
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Aung Ko Lin
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Andrés Link
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Luz I. Loría
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Menladi M. Lormie
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Edward E. Louis Jr.
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Ngwe Lwin
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Fiona Maisels
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Lesley Marisa
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Gráinne M. McCabe
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- W. Scott McGraw
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Addisu Mekonnen
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Pedro G. Méndez‐Carvajal
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Tânia Minhós
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA – NOVA FCSH) Lisbon Portugal
- David M. Montgomery
- Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Department of Biology Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Citlalli Morelos‐Juárez
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Bethan J. Morgan
- Conservation Science and Wildlife Health San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Escondido California USA
- David Morgan
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Amancio Motove Etingüe
- Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program Malabo Equatorial Guinea
- Papa Ibnou Ndiaye
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- K. Anne‐Isola Nekaris
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Nga Nguyen
- Division of Anthropology California State University, Fullerton Fullerton California USA
- Vincent Nijman
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Radar Nishuli
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Marilyn A. Norconk
- Department of Anthropology Kent State University Kent Ohio USA
- Luciana I. Oklander
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Rahayu Oktaviani
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Julia Ostner
- Department of Behavioral Ecology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Emily Otali
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Susan E. Perry
- Department of Anthropology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
- Eduardo J. Pinel Ramos
- Instituto de Neuroetología Universidad Veracruzana Xalapa‐Enríquez México
- Leila M. Porter
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Jill D. Pruetz
- Department of Anthropology Texas State University San Marcos Texas USA
- Anne E. Pusey
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
- Helder L. Queiroz
- Research Group on Primate Biology and Conservation Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development Tefé Brazil
- Mónica A. Ramírez
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Guy Hermas Randriatahina
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Hoby Rasoanaivo
- Lemur Love Inc. San Diego California USA
- Jonah Ratsimbazafy
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Joelisoa Ratsirarson
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Josia Razafindramanana
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Onja H. Razafindratsima
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Vernon Reynolds
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Rizaldi Rizaldi
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Martha M. Robbins
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Melissa E. Rodríguez
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Marleny Rosales‐Meda
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Crickette M. Sanz
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Dipto Sarkar
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Anne Savage
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Amy L. Schreier
- Maderas Rainforest Conservancy Miami Florida USA
- Oliver Schülke
- Department of Behavioral Ecology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Gabriel H. Segniagbeto
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Juan Carlos Serio‐Silva
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Arif Setiawan
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- John Seyjagat
- Zoological Society of Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain Trinidad
- Felipe E. Silva
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Elizabeth M. Sinclair
- Department of Biology Purdue University Fort Wayne Fort Wayne Indiana USA
- Rebecca L. Smith
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Denise Spaan
- Instituto de Neuroetología Universidad Veracruzana Xalapa‐Enríquez México
- Fiona A. Stewart
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Shirley C. Strum
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Martin Surbeck
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
- Magdalena S. Svensson
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Mauricio Talebi
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Luc Roscelin Tédonzong
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Bernardo Urbani
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- João Valsecchi
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá Tefé Brazil
- Natalie Vasey
- Department of Anthropology Portland State University Portland Oregon USA
- Erin R. Vogel
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick New Jersey USA
- Robert B. Wallace
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Janette Wallis
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Siân Waters
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Roman M. Wittig
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Richard W. Wrangham
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Patricia C. Wright
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Russell A. Mittermeier
- IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.13007
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 17,
no. 2
pp. n/a – n/a
Abstract
Abstract Conservation funding is currently limited; cost‐effective conservation solutions are essential. We suggest that the thousands of field stations worldwide can play key roles at the frontline of biodiversity conservation and have high intrinsic value. We assessed field stations’ conservation return on investment and explored the impact of COVID‐19. We surveyed leaders of field stations across tropical regions that host primate research; 157 field stations in 56 countries responded. Respondents reported improved habitat quality and reduced hunting rates at over 80% of field stations and lower operational costs per km2 than protected areas, yet half of those surveyed have less funding now than in 2019. Spatial analyses support field station presence as reducing deforestation. These “earth observatories” provide a high return on investment; we advocate for increased support of field station programs and for governments to support their vital conservation efforts by investing accordingly.
Keywords