Positive and negative perfectionism and their relationship with anxiety and depression in Iranian school students

Abstract

Background: Although many studies have investigated the relationship between perfectionism, anxiety, and depres-sion among the adults, little is known about the manifestations of perfectionism among school-age youths. This study has investigated this relationship in an Iranian sample. Methods: Using multistage cluster random sampling, 793 Iranian school students in 2007 were studied. Data of demo-graphic characteristics, children′s depression inventory, revised children′s manifest anxiety scale, and the positive and negative perfectionism scales were obtained using questionnaires. Results: The results indicated that both aspects of perfectionism are associated with depression and anxiety. Negative and positive perfectionism have positive and negative associations, respectively, with depression and anxiety. The inter-action of anxiety and depression with perfectionism reveals that depression is in association with lower scores of posi-tive perfectionism, whereas in students with higher scores of negative perfectionism, the anxiety scores are also higher. Moreover, the accompaniment of anxiety with depression is in association with relatively lower levels of negative per-fectionism. Conclusions: It was concluded that negative perfectionism is a risk factor for both depression and anxiety, while posi-tive perfectionism is a protective factor. However, the interventions which encourage the positive aspects of perfection-ism and decrease its negative aspects may be able to diminish psychopathological subsequence.

Keywords

• Depressions
• Anxiety