Trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring lung transplantation

Abstract

Abstract Trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP‐SMX) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a rare, but severe complication of a commonly prescribed antibiotic. TMP‐SMX typically affects young, otherwise well patients with a specific human leukocyte antigen type (HLA‐B*07:02 and HLA‐C*07:02). The condition is poorly understood with a unique pathological appearance and mechanism that remains unclear. Mortality rate is greater than one third. We describe the case of a previously well 18‐year‐old woman treated with a prolonged course of TMP‐SMX for a complex urinary tract infection who developed rapidly progressive respiratory failure requiring prolonged intensive care admission, extra‐corporeal membranous oxygenation, and eventual lung transplantation. No targeted treatment exists, further research is required to better understand disease pathogenetic mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions.

Keywords

• ARDS
• critical care medicine
• inflammation
• pathology
• rare lung diseases