PLoS ONE (Jan 2022)

Outcomes of a controlled trial with visiting therapy dog teams on pain in adults in an emergency department.

  • Ben Carey,
  • Colleen Anne Dell,
  • James Stempien,
  • Susan Tupper,
  • Betty Rohr,
  • Eloise Carr,
  • Maria Cruz,
  • Sharon Acoose,
  • Peter Butt,
  • Lindsey Broberg,
  • Lisa Collard,
  • Logan Fele-Slaferek,
  • Cathie Fornssler,
  • Donna Goodridge,
  • Janet Gunderson,
  • Holly McKenzie,
  • Joe Rubin,
  • Jason Shand,
  • Jane Smith,
  • Jason Trask,
  • Kerry Ukrainetz,
  • Simona Meier

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262599
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 17, no. 3
p. e0262599

Abstract

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ContextPain is a primary reason individuals attend an Emergency Department (ED), and its management is a concern.ObjectivesChange in symptoms and physiologic variables at 3 time points pre-post a ten-minute St. John Ambulance therapy dog team visit compared to no visit in ED patients who experienced pain.Design, setting and participantsUsing a controlled clinical trial design, pain, anxiety, depression and well-being were measured with the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (revised version) (ESAS-r) 11-point rating scales before, immediately after, and 20 minutes post- therapy dog team visit with Royal University Hospital ED patients participating in the study (n = 97). Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded at the time points. Control data was gathered twice (30 minutes apart) for comparison (n = 101). There were no group differences in age, gender or ethnicity among the control and intervention groups (respectively mean age 59.5/57.2, ethnicity 77.2% Caucasian/87.6%, female 43.6% /39.2%, male 56.4%/60.8%,).Intervention10 minute therapy dog team visit in addition to usual care.Main outcome measuresChange in reported pain from pre and post therapy dog team visit and comparison with a control group.ResultsA two-way ANOVA was conducted to compare group effects. Significant pre- post-intervention differences were noted in pain for the intervention (mean changeint. = -0.9, SD = 2.05, p = .004, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.42, 1.32], ηp2 = 04) but not the control group. Anxiety (mean changeint. = -1.13, SD = 2.80, p = .005, 95% CI = [0.56, 1.64], ηp2 = .04), depression (mean changeint. = -0.72, SD = 1.71, p = .002, 95% CI = [0.39, 1.11], ηp2 = .047), and well-being ratings (mean changeint. = -0.87, SD = 1.84, p 50% reduction) were observed for pain (43%), anxiety (48%), depression (46%), and well-being (41%).ConclusionsClinically significant changes in pain as well as significant changes in anxiety, depression and well-being were observed in the therapy dog intervention compared to control. The findings of this novel study contribute important knowledge towards the potential value of ED therapy dogs to affect patients' experience of pain, and related measures of anxiety, depression and well-being.Trial registrationThis controlled clinical trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, registration number NCT04727749.