Cognitive impairment in racially/ethnically diverse older adults: Accounting for sources of diagnostic bias

Abstract

Abstract Introduction The Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences (KHANDLE) study enrolled Asian, Black, Latino, and White adults ages 65+ without prior dementia diagnosis (N = 1709). We evaluated the prevalence of cognitive impairment (mild cognitive impairment or dementia) accounting for potential biases. Methods A random subgroup (N = 541) received clinical evaluation and others were evaluated if they failed a cognitive screen. Diagnoses were made under two conditions: (1) demographics‐blind, based on clinical exam and demographically adjusted neuropsychological test scores; and (2) all available information (clinical exam, demographics, and adjusted and unadjusted test scores). Results Cognitive impairment prevalence was 28% for blinded‐adjusted diagnosis and 25% using all available information. Black participants had higher impairment rates than White (both conditions) and Latino (blinded‐adjusted diagnosis) participants. Incomplete assessments negatively biased prevalence estimates for White participants. Discussion Racial/ethnic disparities in cognitive impairment were amplified by attrition bias in White participants but were unaffected by type of test norms and diagnosticians’ knowledge of demographics.

Keywords

• aging
• cognitive impairment
• dementia
• ethnicity
• mild cognitive impairment
• race