Prevalence of chronic kidney disease among antiretroviral naïve human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the important complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The prevalence of CKD in HIV-infected Nigerians at presentation is currently unknown. Materials and Methods: This was a comparative study of 400 antiretroviral drug naïve HIV-infected patients attending the HIV clinic of a teaching hospital in North Central Nigeria and 140 apparently healthy individuals. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min and/or proteinuria ≥1+ according to standard guidelines. Results: Proteinuria was found in 119 (29.8%) of the HIV group compared to only eight (5.7%) of the control group (P< 0.0001). eGFR <60 ml/min was found in 12 (3%) of the HIV group compared to none of the control group (P< 0.0001). CKD (eGFR < 60 ml/min/+proteinuria) was found in 123 (30.8%) of the HIV group compared to eight (5.7%) in the control group (P< 0.0001). A multivariate analysis showed that male sex, low body mass index, low CD4 + T cell counts, and higher viral load copies in the HIV population correlated independently with CKD. Conclusion: The burden of renal disease in drug naïve HIV-infected patients is high. Early diagnosis and treatment of HIV may stem this tide.

Keywords

• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
• chronic kidney disease
• glomerular filtration rate
• HIV
• proteinuria