Influence of kilohertz frequency, burst duty cycle and burst duration on evoked torque, discomfort and muscle efficiency: A randomized crossover trial

Abstract

Abstract Kilohertz‐frequency alternating currents (KFACs) have been indicated to minimize muscle atrophy and weakness. However, the optimal stimulation parameters still need to be determined. Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of different KFACs on evoked torque, current efficiency, and perceived discomfort. Design KFACs with frequencies of 1 kHz (Aussie current) and 2.5 kHz (Russian current), along with two duty cycles (10% and 20%), were randomly applied to the triceps surae muscle of healthy participants using a crossover design. The NMES intensity, NMES‐evoked torque, NMES efficiency, and NMES discomfort were measured in maximal and submaximal conditions. Statistical analyses were conducted using a two‐way mixed‐model ANOVA with repeated measures. Forty‐four participants were included. Results Aussie currents produced higher evoked torque and efficiency in maximal and submaximal efforts, with higher perceived discomfort in maximal effort. Although the Australian current may cause greater discomfort at maximal efforts, it matches the Russian current in perceived discomfort at submaximal levels. The 20% duty cycle produced the highest efficiency in submaximal efforts. Conclusion In both maximal and submaximal efforts, the Aussie current demonstrated superior NMES efficiency, yielding higher torque with lower amplitude than the Russian current. Clinicians should take these findings into consideration when prescribing KFACs to optimize clinical outcomes.

Keywords

• alternated current
• burst‐modulated current
• duty cycle
• electrical stimulation
• torque