EAF2 Downregulation Recruits Tumor-associated Macrophages in Prostate Cancer through Upregulation of MIF

Abstract

Abstract Background The role of tumor inflammatory microenvironment in the advancement of cancer, particularly prostate cancer, is widely acknowledged. ELL-associated factor 2 (EAF2), a tumor suppressor that has been identified in the prostate, is often downregulated in prostate cancer. Earlier investigations have shown that mice with EAF2 gene knockout exhibited a substantial infiltration of inflammatory cells into the prostatic stroma. Methods A cohort comprising 38 patients who had been diagnosed with prostate cancer and subsequently undergone radical prostatectomy (RP) was selected. These patients were pathologically graded according to the Gleason scoring system and divided into two groups. The purpose of this selection was to investigate the potential correlation between EAF2 and CD163 using immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Additionally, in vitro experimentation was conducted to verify the relationship between EAF2 expression, macrophage migration and polarization. Results Our study demonstrated that in specimens of human prostate cancer, the expression of EAF2 was notably downregulated, and this decrease was inversely associated with the number of CD163-positive macrophages that infiltrated the cancerous tissue. Cell co-culture experiments revealed that the chemotactic effect of tumor cells towards macrophages was intensified and that macrophages differentiated into tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) when EAF2 was knocked out. Additionally, the application of cytokine protein microarray showed that the expression of chemokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) increased after EAF2 knockout. Conclusions Our findings suggested that EAF2 was involved in the infiltration of CD163-positive macrophages in prostate cancer via MIF. Graphical abstract

Keywords

• Prostate cancer
• EAF2
• Tumor Associated Macrophage
• MIF