Rapid Automatized Picture Naming in an Outpatient Concussion Center: Quantitative Eye Movements during the Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation System (MULES) Test

Abstract

Number and picture rapid automatized naming (RAN) tests are useful sideline diagnostic tools. The main outcome measure of these RAN tests is the completion time, which is prolonged with a concussion, yet yields no information about eye movement behavior. We investigated eye movements during a digitized Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation System (MULES) test of rapid picture naming. A total of 23 participants with a history of concussion and 50 control participants performed MULES testing with simultaneous eye tracking. The test times were longer in participants with a concussion (32.4 s [95% CI 30.4, 35.8] vs. 26.9 s [95% CI 25.9, 28.0], t=6.1). The participants with a concussion made more saccades per picture than the controls (3.6 [95% CI 3.3, 4.1] vs. 2.7 [95% CI 2.5, 3.0]), and this increase was correlated with longer MULES times (r = 0.46, p = 0.026). The inter-saccadic intervals (ISI) did not differ between the groups, nor did they correlate with the test times. Following a concussion, eye movement behavior differs during number versus picture RAN performance. Prior studies have shown that ISI prolongation is the key finding for a number-based RAN test, whereas this study shows a primary finding of an increased saccade number per picture with a picture-based RAN test. Number-based and picture-based RAN tests may be complimentary in concussion detection, as they may detect different injury effects or compensatory strategies.

Keywords

• concussion
• rapid automatized naming (RAN)
• Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation System (MULES)
• eye tracking
• saccades