Isovaleric acidemia: Therapeutic response to supplementation with glycine, l-carnitine, or both in combination and a 10-year follow-up case study

Abstract

Isovaleric acidemia (IVA) is an organic acid disease caused by a deficiency of isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to accumulation of organic acids, such as isovalerylcarnitine and isovalerylglycine. The proposed IVA treatments include leucine restriction and l-carnitine and/or glycine supplementation, which convert isovaleric acid into non-toxic isovalerylcarnitine and isovalerylglycine, respectively. We examined the therapeutic response using the leucine load test and performed a 10-year follow-up in the patient. Methods: We evaluated the patient with IVA beginning at 5 years of age, when he presented with a mild to intermediate metabolic phenotype. Ammonia, free carnitine, isovalerylcarnitine, and isovalerylglycine were analyzed in the urine and blood after a meal consisting of 1600 mg leucine with glycine alone (250 mg/kg/day), l-carnitine alone (100 mg/kg/day), or both glycine and l-carnitine for four days each. Results: (Leucine load test) Three hours after the meal, serum ammonia levels increased most dramatically with glycine treatment alone, then with both in combination, and least with l-carnitine alone. Urinary isovalerylglycine levels increased 2-fold more with glycine supplementation than those following supplementation with both agents or with l-carnitine alone. Treatment with both agents resulted in a gradual increase in urinary acylcarnitine levels during the 6-h period following the leucine load, reaching concentrations comparable to those observed with l-carnitine alone. (Clinical course) After initiation of both glycine (200 mg/kg/day) and l-carnitine (100 mg/kg/day) supplementation at 5 years of age, doses were gradually reduced to 111.7 mg/kg/day and 55.8 mg/kg/day, respectively, at 15 years of age. His mind and body had developed without any sequelae. Discussion: We concluded that l-carnitine conjugated isovaleric acid earlier than glycine. Additionally, during the 10-year follow-up period, the patient displayed no clinical deterioration.

Keywords

• Isovaleric acidemia
• Glycine
• l-carnitine
• Isovalerylcarnitine
• Isovalerylglycine