Hypertensive crisis and its predictors in Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis, 2024

Abstract

Introduction: Hypertensive crises are a leading cause of visits to emergency departments, carrying grave health implications. A significant number of patients presenting with these crises have a known history of hypertension. Objective: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to examine the combined prevalence of hypertensive crises among individuals with either a history of hypertension or unknown status (newly diagnosed with a hypertensive crisis). Methods: This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered with the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). Research databases, including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Africa Index Medicus, Science Direct, HINARI, and Google Scholar, were systematically searched. Study quality was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, while publication bias was explored through Egger's regression test, funnel plots, and sensitivity analyses. Data collection adhered to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) format. Meta-analysis was performed using STATA version 17, employing the random-effects DerSimonian–Laird model. Results: Amongst the 15 studies analyzed, the application of the random-effects DerSimonian-Laird statistical model indicated that the prevalence of hypertensive crisis was determined to be 9.09 %, with a 95 % confidence interval (CI) ranging from 7.41 % to 10.77 %. Factors such as poor medication adherence (POR 5.00; 95 % CI: 3.61, 6.93), patients with comorbidities (POR 4.73; 95 % CI: 3.29, 6.80), patients with a history of hypertension (POR 5.64; 95 % CI: 4.57, 6.94), patients aged >65 (POR 2.77; 95 % CI: 2.16, 6.59), and excessive alcohol intake (POR 5.01; 95 % CI: 3.82, 6.58) were associated with higher odds of hypertensive crisis. Conclusion: The findings indicate a markedly higher incidence of hypertensive crisis among hospital-presenting patients in Africa. Factors such as medication non-adherence, co-existing comorbidities, historical hypertension, being over 65, and alcohol misuse significantly contribute to this condition. These insights call for a comprehensive healthcare strategy that targets both the management of hypertension and its complications, aiming to improve the overall health outcomes of affected patients.

Keywords

• Hypertensive crisis
• Hypertensive emergency
• Hypertensive urgency
• Africa