Difficulties of assessing heart damages and stratification of cardiovacular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract

1. Avina-Zubieta JA, Thomas J, Sadatsafavi M et al. Risk of incident cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71 (9): 1524–9. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200726 2. Lacaille D, Avina-Zubieta JA, Sayre EC, Abrahamowicz M. Improvement in 5-year mortality in incident rheumatoid arthritis compared with the general population-closing the mortality gap. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76 (6): 1057–63. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209562 3. Provan SA, Lillegraven S, Sexton J et al. Trends in all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with incident rheumatoid arthritis: a 20-year follow-up matched case-cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 59 (3): 505–12. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez371 4. Bernardes M, Vieira TS, Martins MJ et al. Myocardial Perfusion in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: Associations with Traditional Risk Factors and Novel Biomarkers. Biomed Res Int 2017; 2017: 6509754. DOI: 10.1155/2017/6509754 5. Mal K, Kumar R, Mansoor F, Kaur N et al. Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cureus 2020; 12 (12): e12246. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12246 6. DeMizio DJ, Geraldino-Pardilla LB. Autoimmunity and Inflammation Link to Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatol Ther 2020; 7 (1): 19–33. DOI: 10.1007/s40744-019-00189-0 7. Цурко В.В., Котельникова Г Н., Раденска-Лоповок С.Г. Поражение сердца и сосудов при ревматоидном артрите. Лечащий врач. 2001; 3: 1–5. [Tsurko V.V., Kotel'nikova G N., Radenska-Lopovok S.G. Porazhenie serdtsa i sosudov pri revmatoidnom artrite. Lechashchii vrach. 2001; 3: 1–5 (in Russian).] 8. Резник Е.В., Нгуен Т.Л., Степанова Е.А. и др. Амилоидоз сердца: взгляд терапевта и кардиолога. Архивъ внутренней медицины. 2020; 10 (6): 430–57. DOI: 10.20514/2226-6704-2020-10-6-430-45 [Reznik E.V., Nguen T.L., Stepanova E.A. et al. Amiloidoz serdtsa: vzgliad terapevta i kardiologa. Arkhiv" vnutrennei meditsiny. 2020; 10 (6): 430–57. DOI: 10.20514/2226-6704-2020-10-6-430-45 (in Russian).] 9. Hassan W et al. Amyloid heart disease. New frontiers and insights in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Tex Heart Inst J 2005; 32 (2): 178–84. 10. Falk RH et al. AL (Light-Chain) Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Review of Diagnosis and Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68 (12): 1323–41. 11. Benson MD et al. Amyloid nomenclature 2018: recommendations by the International Society of Amyloidosis (ISA) nomenclature committee. Amyloid 2018; 25(4): 215–9. 12. Лысенко (Козловская) Л.В., Рамеев В.В., Моисеев С.В. Клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению системного амилоидоза. Клиническая фармакология и терапия. 2020; 29 (1): 13–24. DOI: 10.32756/ 0869-5490-2020-1-13-24 [Lysenko (Kozlovskaia) L.V., Rameev V.V., Moiseev S.V. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike i lecheniiu sistemnogo amiloidoza. Klinicheskaia farmakologiia i terapiia. 2020; 29 (1): 13–24. DOI: 10.32756/ 0869-5490-2020-1-13-24 (in Russian).] 13. Karafiatova L, Pika T. Amyloid cardiomyopathy. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2017; 161 (2): 117–27. 14. Fontana M et al. Myocardial Amyloidosis: The Exemplar Interstitial Disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 12 (11 Pt 2): 2345–56. 15. Ребров А.П. Поражение сердца у больных с ревматоидным артритом. Южно-Российский журнал терапевтической практики. 2022; 3 (1): 15–9. DOI: 10.21886/2712-8156-2022-3-1-15-19 [Rebrov A.P. Porazhenie serdtsa u bol'nykh s revmatoidnym artritom. Iuzhno-Rossiiskii zhurnal terapevticheskoi praktiki. 2022; 3 (1): 15–9. DOI: 10.21886/2712-8156-2022-3-1-15-19 (in Russian).] 16. Błyszczuk P, Szekanecz Z. Pathogenesis of ischaemic and nonischaemic heart diseases in rheumatoid arthritis. RMD Open 2020; 6 (1): e001032. DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2019-001032 17. Ntusi NAB, Piechnik SK, Francis JM et al. Diffuse Myocardial Fibrosis and Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Insights From CMR T1 Mapping. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 8 (5): 526–36. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.12.025 18. Amigues I, Tugcu A, Russo C et al. Myocardial Inflammation, Measured Using 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography With Computed Tomography, Is Associated With Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71 (4): 496–506. DOI: 10.1002/art.40771 19. Rudominer RL, Roman MJ, Devereux RB et al. Independent association of rheumatoid arthritis with increased left ventricular mass but not with reduced ejection fraction. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60 (1): 22–9. DOI: 10.1002/art.24148 20. Cioffi G, Viapiana O, Ognibeni F et al. Prevalence and factors related to left ventricular systolic dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A prospective tissue Doppler echocardiography study. Herz 2015; 40 (7): 989–96. DOI: 10.1007/s00059-015-4320-5 21. Pascale V, Finelli R, Giannotti R et al. Cardiac eccentric remodeling in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep 2018; 8 (1): 5867. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24323-0 22. Aslam F, Bandeali SJ, Khan NA, Alam M. Diastolic dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013; 65 (4): 534–43. DOI: 10.1002/acr.21861 23. Amigues I, Russo C, Giles JT et al. Myocardial Microvascular Dysfunction in Rheumatoid ArthritisQuantitation by 13N-Ammonia Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 12 (1): e007495. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING. 117.007495 24. Agca R, Heslinga SC, Rollefstad S et al. EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015/2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76 (1): 17–28. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209775 25. Wang H, Li X, Gong G. Cardiovascular outcomes in patients with co-existing coronary artery disease and rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99 (14): e19658. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019658 26. Lai CH, Hsieh CY, Barnado A, Huang LC et al. Outcomes of acute cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 59 (6): 1355–63. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez456 27. Plastiras SC, Moutsopoulos HM. Arrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances in Autoimmune Rheumatic Disorders. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2021; 10 (1): 17–25. DOI: 10.15420/aer.2020.43 28. Sordillo PP, Sordillo DC, Helson L. Review: The Prolonged QT Interval: Role of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines, Reactive Oxygen Species and the Ceramide and Sphingosine-1 Phosphate Pathways. In Vivo 2015; 29 (6): 619–36. PMID: 26546519. 29. Masoud S, Lim PB, Kitas GD, Panoulas V. Sudden cardiac death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. World J Cardiol 2017; 9 (7): 562–73. DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v9.i7.562 30. Myasoedova E, Chandran A, Ilhan B et al. The role of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) flare and cumulative burden of RA severity in the risk of cardiovascular disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 75 (3): 560–5. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206411 31. Meissner Y, Zink A, Kekow J et al. Impact of disease activity and treatment of comorbidities on the risk of myocardial infarction in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18 (1): 183. DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1077-z 32. Geraldino-Pardilla L, Russo C, Sokolove J et al. Association of anti-citrullinated protein or peptide antibodies with left ventricular structure and function in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56 (4): 534–40. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew436 33. Amigues I, Tugcu A, Russo C, Giles JT et al. Myocardial Inflammation, Measured Using 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography With Computed Tomography, Is Associated With Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71 (4): 496–506. DOI: 10.1002/art.40771 34. Hollan I, Dessein PH, Ronda N et al. Prevention of cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14 (10): 952–69. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.06.004 35. Humphreys JH, Warner A, Chipping J et al. Mortality trends in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis over 20 years: Results from the Norfolk Arthritis Register. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014; 66 (9): 1296–301. DOI: 10.1002/acr.22296 36. Kerola AM, Nieminen TV, Virta LJ et al. No increased cardiovascular mortality among early rheumatoid arthritis patients: a nationwide register study in 2000–2008. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2015; 33 (3): 391–8. 37. Popkova TV, Novikova DS, Gasparyan AY, Nasonov EL. Cardiovascular effects of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Med Chem 2015; 22: 1903–10. DOI: 10.2174/0929867322666150415122039 38. Roubille C, Richer V, Startino T et al. The effect of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, methotrexate, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids on cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheunm Dis 2015; 74: 480–9. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206624 39. Насонов Е.Л. Метотрексат при ревматоидном артрите – 2015: новые факты и идеи. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2015; 53 (4): 421–33. DOI: 10.14412/1995-4484-2015-421-433 [Nasonov E.L. Metotreksat pri revmatoidnom artrite – 2015: novye fakty i idei. Nauchno-prakticheskaia revmatologiia. 2015; 53 (4): 421–33. DOI: 10.14412/1995-4484-2015-421-433 (in Russian).] 40. Ridker PM. Testing the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis: scientific rationale for the cardiovascular inflammation reduction trial (CIRT). J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7 (Suppl. 1): 332–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03404.x 41. Erhayiem B, Pavitt S, Baxter P et al. Coronary artery disease evaluation in rheumatoid arthritis (CADERA): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15: 436. DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-436 42. Насонов Е.Л. Генно-инженерные биологические препараты в лечении ревматоидного артрита. М.: ИМА-ПРЕСС; 2013. [Nasonov E.L. Genno-inzhenernye biologicheskie preparaty v lechenii revmatoidnogo artrita. Moscow: IMA-PRESS; 2013 (in Russian).] 43. Sarwar N, Butterworth AS, Freitag DF et al. Interleukin-6 receptorpathways in coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysisof 82 studies. Lancet 2012; 379: 1205–13. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61931-4 44. Hingorani AD, Casas JP. The interleukin-6 receptor as a target for prevention of coronary heart disease: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Lancet 2012; 379: 1214–24. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60110-X 45. Попкова ТВ, Новикова ДС, Панасюк ЕЮ и др. Влияние тоцилизумаба на систему транспорта холестерина крови и ранние проявления атеросклероза у больных ревматоидным артритом. Терапевтический архив. 2012; 84 (5): 9–18. [Popkova TV, Novikova DS, Panasiuk EIu et al. Vliianie totsilizumaba na sistemu transporta kholesterina krovi i rannie proiavleniia ateroskleroza u bol'nykh revmatoidnym artritom. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2012; 84 (5): 9–18 (in Russian).] 46. Удачкина ЕВ, Новикова ДС, Попкова ТВ и др. Динамика липидных параметров крови у больных ревматоидным артритом на фоне комбинированной терапии тоцилизумабом и метотрексатом в сравнении с монотерапией метотрексатом при 24-недельном наблюдении. Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2015; 11 (5): 510–6. [Udachkina EV, Novikova DS, Popkova TV et al. Dinamika lipidnykh parametrov krovi u bol'nykh revmatoidnym artritom na fone kombinirovannoi terapii totsilizumabom i metotreksatom v sravnenii s monoterapiei metotreksatom pri 24-nedel'nom nabliudenii. Ratsional'naia farmakoterapiia v kardiologii. 2015; 11 (5): 510–6 (in Russian).] 47. Rao VU, Pavlov A, Klearman M et al. An evaluation of risk factors for major adverse cardiovascular events during tocilizumab therapy. Arthritis Rheum 2015; 67 (2): 372–80. DOI: 10.1002/art.38920 48. Novikova DS, Popkova TV, Lukina GV et al. The effects of rituximab on lipids, arterial stiffness, and carotid intima-media thickness in rheumatoid arthritis. J Korean Med Sci 2016; 31: 202–7. DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.2.202 49. Новикова ДС, Попкова ТВ, Насонов ЕЛ. Статины как основа профилактики сердечно-сосудистых осложнений при ревматоидном артрите. Клиническая фармакология и терапия. 2011; 20 (1): 65–73. [Novikova DS, Popkova TV, Nasonov EL. Statiny kak osnova profilaktiki serdechno-sosudistykh oslozhnenii pri revmatoidnom artrite. Klinicheskaia farmakologiia i terapiia. 2011; 20 (1): 65–73 (in Rus-sian).] 50. Phan K, Gomez YH, Elbaz L, Daskalopoulou SS. Statin treatment non-adherence and discontinuation: clinical implications and potential solutions. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 20 (40): 6314–24. DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140620162629 51. Lazzerini PE, Capecchi PL, Bertolozzi I et al. Marked QTc Prolongation and Torsades de pointes in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Arthritis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2016; 3: 31. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm. 2016.00031 52. Patel KHK, Jones TN, Sattler S et al. Proarrhythmic electrophysiological and structural remodeling in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319 (5): H1008-H1020. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00401.2020 53. Панафидина Т.А., Кондратьева Л.В., Герасимова Е.В, и др. Коморбидность при ревматоидном артрите. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2014; 52 (3): 283–9. DOI: 10.14412/1995-4484-2014-283-289 [Panafidina T.A., Kondrat'eva L.V., Gerasimova E.V. et al. Komorbidnost' pri revmatoidnom artrite. Nauchno-prakticheskaia revmatologiia. 2014; 52 (3): 283–9. DOI: 10.14412/1995-4484-2014-283-289 (in Russian).] 54. D’Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2008; 117 (6): 743–53. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 107.699579 55. Conroy RM, Pyörälä K, Fitzgerald AP et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003; 24 (11): 987–1003. DOI: 10.1016/s0195-668x(03) 00114-3 56. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Rifai N, Cook NR. Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score. JAMA 2007; 297 (6): 611–9. DOI: 10.1001/jama.297.6.611 57. Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2014; 129 (Suppl. 2): S49-73. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98 58. Arts EE, Popa C, Den Broeder AA et al. Performance of four current risk algorithms in predicting cardiovascular events in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74 (4): 668–74. DOI:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204024 59. Woodward M, Brindle P, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Adding social deprivation and family history to cardio-vascular risk assessment: the ASSIGN score from the Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort (SHHEC). Heart 2007; 93: 172–6. 60. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Brindle P. Development and validation of QRISK3 risk prediction algorithms to estimate future risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2017; 357: j2099. DOI:10.1136/bmj.j2099 61. Solomon DH, Greenberg J, Curtis JR et al. Derivation and internal validation of an expanded cardiovascular risk prediction score for rheumatoid arthritis: a Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America Registry Study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67 (8): 1995–2003. DOI:10.1002/art.39195 62. Герасимова Е.В., Попкова Т.В., Герасимова Д.А. и др. Применение шкал сердечно-сосудистого риска для идентификации атеросклероза сонных артерий у больных ревматоидным артритом. Терапевтический архив. 2021; 93 (5): 561–7. DOI: 10.26442/ 00403660.2021.05.200787 [Gerasimova E.V., Popkova T.V., Gerasimova D.A. et al. Primenenie shkal serdechno-sosudistogo riska dlia identifikatsii ateroskleroza sonnykh arterii u bol'nykh revmatoidnym artritom. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2021; 93 (5): 561–7. DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2021.05.200787 (in Russian).] 63. Crowson CS, Rollefstad S, Ikdahl E et al. A Trans-Atlantic Cardiovascular Consortium for Rheumatoid Arthritis (ATACC-RA). Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77 (1): 48–54. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211735.5 64. Saba L, Jamthikar A, Gupta D et al. Global perspective on carotid intima-media thickness and plaque: should the current measurement guidelines be revisited? Int Angiol 2019; 38 (6): 451–65. DOI: 10.23736/s0392-9590.19.04267-6 65. Khanna NN, Jamthikar AD, Gupta D et al. Performance evaluation of 10-year ultrasound image-based stroke/cardiovascular (CV) risk calculator by comparing against ten conventional CV risk calculators: a diabetic study. Comput Biol Med 2019; 105: 125–43. DOI: 10.1016/ j.compbiomed 66. Мамедов М.Н., Митченко Е.И., Серпитис П. и др. Обновленные европейские рекомендации по профилактике сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Аналитический обзор. Международный журнал сердца и сосудистых заболеваний. 2022; 10 (33): 4–11. DOI: 10.24412/2311-1623-2022-33-4-11 [Mamedov M.N., Mitchenko E.I., Serpitis P. et al. Obnovlennye evropeiskie rekomendatsii po profilaktike serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii. Analiticheskii obzor. Mezhdunarodnyi zhurnal serdtsa i sosudistykh zabolevanii. 2022; 10 (33): 4–11. DOI: 10.24412/2311-1623-2022-33-4-11 (in Russian).]