Production of High Energy-dense Solid Biofuel and Biopolymer Filler via Hydrothermal Carbonization of Carob Fruit

Abstract

In this study fresh carob tree fruits (CF), a very widespread botanical species in the Mediterranean basin, were hydrothermally carbonized (HTC) at 200, 230, 250, and 280 °C for a residence time of 0.5 h and a biomass-to-water mass ratio (B/W) of 0.1. CF hydrochars were characterized in terms of elemental and proximate analysis for their possible valorization as solid biofuels. Increased reaction severity showed a decrease in solid mass yield recovery but an increase in hydrochar fixed carbon content and energy density. Hydrochars showed a high heating value (HHV) up to about 27.7 MJ/kg with a corresponding energy densification ratio (EDR) higher than 150%. CF hydrochars were also investigated as potential carbon-dense material as fillers in bio-plastic. Therefore, the CF hydrochar particles, at different concentrations, have been introduced in biopolymer matrices, such as PolyButylene Adipate Terephthalate (PBAT), by melt mixing and the rheological and mechanical behaviour of the bio-composites have been evaluated considering their potential application in the packaging sector.