Switch From Pauli‐Lowering to LUMO‐Lowering Catalysis in Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Aza‐Diels‐Alder Reactions

Abstract

Abstract Brønsted acid‐catalyzed inverse‐electron demand (IED) aza‐Diels‐Alder reactions between 2‐aza‐dienes and ethylene were studied using quantum chemical calculations. The computed activation energy systematically decreases as the basic sites of the diene progressively become protonated. Our activation strain and Kohn‐Sham molecular orbital analyses traced the origin of this enhanced reactivity to i) “Pauli‐lowering catalysis” for mono‐protonated 2‐aza‐dienes due to the induction of an asynchronous, but still concerted, reaction pathway that reduces the Pauli repulsion between the reactants; and ii) “LUMO‐lowering catalysis” for multi‐protonated 2‐aza‐dienes due to their highly stabilized LUMO(s) and more concerted synchronous reaction path that facilitates more efficient orbital overlaps in IED interactions. In all, we illustrate how the novel concept of “Pauli‐lowering catalysis” can be overruled by the traditional concept of “LUMO‐lowering catalysis” when the degree of LUMO stabilization is extreme as in the case of multi‐protonated 2‐aza‐dienes.

Keywords

• activation strain models
• azadienes
• Diels-Alder reactions
• density functional calculations
• reactivity