Tropospheric Propagation above Uneven Ground

Abstract

This work analyzes the electromagnetic wave propagation above uneven ground, including the troposphere, using physical optics calculation. The new results of numerical simulations using physical optics are presented for the antenna far-field measurement ranges, studies of air refraction index, and examinations of radar coverage diagrams. These calculations are validated by the experimental results (which are changing during seasons, terrain and troposphere conditions including vegetation, moisture, snow, air temperature and pressure, and cultivation) and numerical simulations, such as parabolic equation methods.

Keywords

• Electromagnetic propagation
• radio-wave refraction
• electromagnetic scattering
• physical optics
• measurements