Успехи физики металлов (Oct 2020)
Implementation of Physical Effects in the Operation of Smart Materials to Form Their Properties
Abstract
The regularities of the realization of physical phenomena and phase-structural transformations developing during the operation of smart materials of various physical nature, composition and functional applications, which provide the formation of their physical, mechanical, and operational properties, are generalized. We propose a classification scheme of physical and chemical phenomena, which covers phase and structural transformations in metal alloys, atomic-nanostructured, electrical, magnetic, mechanical, optical, chemical, and biochemical phenomena, on which the formation of the properties of smart materials (metallic and non-metallic, solid and liquid) is based in the process of their operation. The main features of these phenomena and transformations are formulated; they determine the expected positive effect that manifests itself in the emerging or improving individual properties or their complex. A review analysis of the groups of smart materials of various physical nature and functional purposes is carried out, implemented in them during the operation of physical phenomena, transformations and effects leading to the formation of conditioned properties. The features of smart materials of various physical nature and the phenomena (transformations) realized within them during operation are considered. Models of the phase and structural evolution of traditional (stable) and smart (metastable) materials, which are self-organizing during operation due to the implementation of physical phenomena, transformations, and effects throughout their life cycle, are proposed. The necessity of controlling these processes for the formation of improved properties as well as a stable and long life cycle is shown. Based on the analysis and review generalization, the principles of designing smart (metastable) materials with unique properties are formulated.
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