Emergent pattern formation of active magnetic suspensions in an external field

Abstract

We study collective self-organization of weakly magnetic active suspensions in a uniform external field by analyzing a mesoscopic continuum model that we have recently developed. Our model is based on a Smoluchowski equation for a particle probability density function in an alignment field coupled to a mean-field description of the flow arising from the activity and the alignment torque. Performing linear stability analysis of the Smoluchowski equation and the resulting orientational moment equations combined with non-linear 3D simulations, we provide a comprehensive picture of instability patterns as a function of strengths of activity and magnetic field. For sufficiently high activity and moderate magnetic field strengths, the competition between the activity-induced flow and external magnetic torque renders a homogeneous polar steady state unstable. As a result, four distinct dynamical patterns of collective motion emerge. The instability patterns for pushers include traveling sheets governed by bend-twist instabilities and dynamical aggregates. For pullers, finite-sized and system spanning pillar-like concentrated regions predominated by splay deformations emerge which migrate in the field direction. Notably, at very strong magnetic fields, we observe a reentrant hydrodynamic stability of the polar steady state.

Keywords

• magnetic microswimmers
• pattern formation
• linear stability analysis
• non-linear dynamics
• active fluids
• bend-twist instability