An Innovative Chemical Adherence Test Demonstrates Very High Rates of Nonadherence to Oral Cardio-Metabolic Medications

• Hanad Osman,
• Dan Lane,
• Dennis Bernieh,
• Samuel Seidu,
• Prashanth Patel,
• Kamlesh Khunti,
• Nigel J. Brunskill,
• Gang Xu,
• Pankaj Gupta

Affiliations

Hanad Osman

Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Population Health Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

Dan Lane

Department of Metabolic Medicine and Chemical Pathology University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK; Leicester van Geest Multi-Omics Facility, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

Dennis Bernieh

Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, UK

Samuel Seidu

Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Population Health Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

Prashanth Patel

Department of Metabolic Medicine and Chemical Pathology University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK

Kamlesh Khunti

Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Population Health Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; NIHR Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK

Nigel J. Brunskill

Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; John Walls Renal Unit, Leicester General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK

Gang Xu

John Walls Renal Unit, Leicester General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK

Pankaj Gupta

Department of Metabolic Medicine and Chemical Pathology University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK; Leicester van Geest Multi-Omics Facility, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Correspondence: Pankaj Gupta, Department of Metabolic Medicine and Chemical Pathology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, East Midlands LE1 5WW, UK.