Long-term water clarity patterns of lakes across China using Landsat series imagery from 1985 to 2020

Abstract

Monitoring the water clarity of lakes is essential for the sustainable development of human society. However, existing water clarity assessments in China have mostly focused on lakes with areas > 1 km2, and the monitoring periods were mainly in the 21st century. In order to improve the understanding of spatiotemporal variations in lake clarity across China, based on the Google Earth Engine cloud platform, a 30 m long-term LAke Water Secchi depth (SD) dataset (LAWSD30) of China (1985–2020) was first developed using Landsat series imagery and a robust water-color parameter-based SD model. The LAWSD30 dataset exhibited a good performance compared to concurrent in situ SD datasets, with an R2 of 0.86 and a root mean square error of 0.225 m. Then, based on our LAWSD30 dataset, long-term spatiotemporal variations in SD for lakes > 0.01 km2 (N = 40 973) across China were evaluated. The results show that the SD of lakes with areas ≤ 1 km2 exhibited a significant downward trend in the period of 1985–2020, but the decline rate began to slow down and stabilized after 2001. In addition, the SD of lakes with an area > 1 km2 showed a significant downward trend before 2001, and began to increase significantly afterwards. Moreover, in terms of the spatial patterns, the proportion of small lakes (area ≤ 1 km2) showing a decreasing SD trend was the largest in the Mongolian–Xinjiang Plateau Region (MXR) (about 30.0 %), and the smallest in the Eastern Plain Region (EPR) (2.6 %). In contrast, for lakes > 1 km2, this proportion was the highest in MXR (about 23.0 %), and the lowest in the Northeast Mountain Plain Region (NER) (16.1 %). The LAWSD30 dataset and the spatiotemporal patterns of lake water clarity in our research can provide effective guidance for the protection and management of lake environment in China.