Graphene Systems: Methods of Fabrication and Treatment, Structure Formation, and Functional Properties

Abstract

The literary data on the structure, basic methods of fabrication and treatment as well as physical properties of graphene, including a doped one, which enable use of it as a functional nanomaterial, are reviewed. Ordered distributions of substitutional atoms over the sites of a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice at different compositions and temperatures are described theoretically. The ranges of values of interatomic-interaction energy parameters promoting the low-temperature stability of graphene-based superstructures are determined. Even the short-range interatomic interactions provide a stability of some superstructures, while the long-range interactions only stabilize other ones. The competition of intrasublattice and intersublattice interatomic interactions and the domination of the last ones (by energies) enable a time nonmonotony of the atomic-order-parameter relaxation.

Keywords

• honeycomb lattice
• graphene
• doping
• impurity
• interatomic interactions
• long-range atomic order
• energy stability