Improving the Drift Effect and Hysteresis Effect of Urea Biosensor Based on Graphene Oxide/Nickel Oxide Sensing Film Modified Either by Au Nanoparticles or <italic>&#x03B3;</italic>-Fe&#x2082;O&#x2083; Nanoparticles Using Back-End Calibration Circuit

Abstract

From our other works, we have developed urea biosensor based on graphene oxide/nickel oxide sensing film modified either by Au nanoparticles or ${\gamma }$ -Fe2O3 nanoparticles. In this study, we have further developed back-end calibration circuit to reduce the drift effect and hysteresis effect of the two types of the urea biosensors. The back-end calibration circuit is composed of non-inverting amplifiers, error amplifiers, P-MOSFET transmission transistor, feedback networks, output voltage capacitors and resistor dividers. After applying the back-end calibration circuit, the drift rate of urea biosensor modified by Au NPs is reduced from 3.06 mV/hr to 0.28 mV/hr, which is 90.85% reduction. The drift rate of urea biosensor modified by ${\gamma }$ -Fe2O3 NPs is reduced from 3.92 mV/hr to 0.57 mV/hr, which is 85.46% reduction. Through the back-end calibration circuit to reduce the hysteresis effect, the hysteresis voltage for the forward cycle and reverse cycle of the urea biosensor modified by Au NPs are reduced by 26% and 30%, respectively. The hysteresis voltage for the forward cycle and reverse cycle of the urea biosensor modified by ${\gamma }$ -Fe2O3 NPs are reduced by 23% and 28%, respectively.

Keywords

• Au nanoparticles (Au NPs)
• flexible substrate
• graphene oxide (GO)
• γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs)%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%7D%7D%7D"> maghemite nanoparticles (<italic xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">γ</italic>-Fe₂O₃ NPs)
• nickel oxide (NiO)
• urea biosensor