Petroleum Exploration and Development (Feb 2021)
Mixed carbonate rocks lithofacies features and reservoirs controlling mechanisms in a saline lacustrine basin in Yingxi area, Qaidam Basin, NW China
Abstract
Taking the mixed pre-salt carbonate rocks in the upper member of Eocene Xiaganchaigou Formation (E32) of Yingxi area in the Qaidam Basin as an example, the lithofacies and controlling mechanisms of reservoir formation are analyzed based on a large dataset of cores, thin sections and geochemical analysis. The reservoirs in E32 pre-salt layers have five types of lithofacies, of them, mixed granular calcareous dolostone, massive calcareous dolostone, plaque calcareous dolostone, and laminated dolomtic limestone are of sedimentary origin, and breccia calcareous dolostone is of tectonic origin. The four types of sedimentary lithofacies are divided into two types of saline sedimentary sequence lithofacies combinations, low-energy type in the sag area and low to high-energy type in the slope and paleo-uplift zone in the depression. Affected by high-frequency supply of continental clastic material, the two types of salty sedimentary sequences are mostly incomplete subtypes of lithofacies. Lithofacies have strong impacts on pre-salt reservoirs in E32: (1) Lithofacies type and sedimentary sequence controlled the formation and distribution of dolomite intercrystalline pores and dissolved pores during the pene-sedimentary period. (2) The structure of laminated dolomitic limestone controlled the formation of large-scale laminated fractures and high permeability channels during the diagenetic period. (3) Granular, massive, plaque calcareous dolostones have low mud content and strong brittleness, in the late tectonic reactivation period, the distribution of the three types of lithofacies, together with their distance from the top large slip faults and secondary faults, controlled the formation and distribution of high-efficiency fracture-cave brecciaed calcareous dolostone reservoirs. The above research led to the composite lithofacies-tectonic formation model of pre-salt reservoir in E32 of Yingxi area. The tempo-spatial distribution of tectonic breccia calcareous dolostone reservoirs, laminated dolomitic limestone shale oil reservoirs and granular, massive calcareous dolostone dissolved-intercrystalline pore tight reservoirs in various structural belts of the studied area have been figured out. These findings gave new insights into tight-shale oil accumulation theory in mixed carbonate successions from saline lacustrine basins, aiding in high efficient exploration and development of petroleum in the studied area.
