Polysorbates, peroxides, protein aggregation, and immunogenicity – a growing concern

Abstract

Aggregation can have a number of deleterious effects on biotherapeutics including the loss of efficacy, the induction of unwanted immunogenicity, altered pharmacokinetics, and reduced shelf life. Aggregation is ameliorated by the inclusion of surfactants in biotherapeutics formulations, typically non-ionic polymeric ether surfactants. The most commonly used examples are Tween® 20 (Polysorbate 20) and Tween® 80 (Polysorbate 80). Others include Triton™ X-100, Pluronic® F-68, Pluronic® F-88, Pluronic® F-127 (poloxamers), and Brij 35 (polyoxyethylene alkyl ether). The usefulness of polysorbates, in particular in preventing protein aggregation in biotherapeutic formulations, is well accepted. However, polysorbates contain ether linkages and unsaturated alkyl chains that have been shown to auto-oxidize in aqueous solution to protein-damaging peroxides and reactive aldehydes including formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. The peroxides principally affect methionine and tryptophan moieties. The aldehydes react with primary amino groups on proteins and are known to induce immunogenicity of proteins in the absence of aggregation or adjuvants. Detection of protein aggregation and prevention of aggregation using polysorbates is relatively straightforward using light scattering or size exclusion chromatography methods. Detection of oxidative damage to amino acyl moieties or increased immunogenicity resulting from the reaction of biotherapeutics with the degradation products of polysorbates is considerably more difficult and has generally been ignored in the scientific literature. As an increasing number of biotherapeutic agents come into use in common clinical practice, including both as innovator and as biosimilar products, these latter issues will come under increased scrutiny. Substitution of non-ionic, non-ether-based surfactants, could offer significant improvements in stability, reduced immunogenicity, and shelf life, and represents a significant unmet need in the field of biotherapeutics formulation.