Naturally occurring emerging contaminants: Where to hide?
Hossein Miraji,
Mureithi Eunice,
Asha Ripanda,
Faustin Ngassapa,
Othman Chande
Affiliations
Hossein Miraji
Chemistry Department, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. BOX 35061, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, University of Dodoma, P. O. Box 338, Dodoma, Tanzania
Mureithi Eunice
Mathematics Department, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. BOX 35062, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Asha Ripanda
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, University of Dodoma, P. O. Box 338, Dodoma, Tanzania; Corresponding author.
Faustin Ngassapa
Chemistry Department, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. BOX 35061, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Othman Chande
Chemistry Department, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. BOX 35061, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Water disinfection by-products (DBPs) are among insitu-generated emerging contaminants (ECs) during water disinfection. Although water disinfectants control acute risks through destruction of water-borne pathogens, the produced DBPs are associated to genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, bladder cancer, early-term miscarriage, and birth defects. Only 30% of trihalomethanes (THMs), 10% of halogenic acetic acids (HAAs) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) are the major classes of DBPs gained significant public attention. There is still missing information particularly in their formation, distribution, and public awareness. In the current study it was revealed that persistence, types, and metabolic fragments of DBPs are not informed leaving unsolved puzzle. These findings still indicate a significant knowledge gap on the insight and alternative solutions on where to hide against natural-bases ECs.
