Investigating drinking water quality, microbial pollution, and potential health risks in selected schools of Badin city, Pakistan
Hafeez Ahmed Talpur,
Shakeel Ahmed Talpur,
Amanullah Mahar,
Gianluigi Rosatelli,
Muhammad Yousuf Jat Baloch,
Aziz Ahmed,
Aqib Hassan Ali Khan
Affiliations
Hafeez Ahmed Talpur
Centre for Environmental Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan; Department of Engineering and Geology, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Shakeel Ahmed Talpur
DiSPUTer, Department of Psychological, Health and Territory Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Corresponding authors.
Amanullah Mahar
Centre for Environmental Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan; Corresponding authors.
Gianluigi Rosatelli
DiSPUTer, Department of Psychological, Health and Territory Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Muhammad Yousuf Jat Baloch
College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
Aziz Ahmed
Centre for Environmental Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan; School of Plant, Environment and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Centre, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
Aqib Hassan Ali Khan
International Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials and Advanced Industrial Technologies, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos 09001, Spain
This study investigated drinking water quality in public, private, and religious schools in Badin city, Pakistan. Physicochemical parameters were within limits except for slightly elevated pH and turbidity. The microbial analysis showed that T.C., and F.C., were found in all samples, and E. coli in 55% of the smaples, with significant differences in quantities. Microbial contaminants correlated positively with pH, turbidity, and each other, linking them to sewage, runoff, and waste. Bacterial counts exceeded WHO guidelines, and the pollution load index (PLI) demonstrated declining water quality. The water quality index (WQI) rated samples as 30% “very good,” 35% “good,” and 35% “poor ”; none were “excellent” or safe to drink. Subpar water quality poses health risks to children, potentially causing diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid. To mitigate risks, infrastructure improvements, education initiatives, and public awareness campaigns are necessary for securing safe water access to support the well-being of school children and the community.
