<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Fermentation Augments the Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Moisture Improvement Activities of <i>Tetragonia tetragonoides</i> through the Upregulation of Antioxidant Components

Abstract

This study demonstrates that the fermentation of Tetragonia tetragonioides (T. tetragonioides) by Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) subsp. spizizenii enhances its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin-moisturizing activities. Fermented T. tetragonioides extracts (FTEs) showed a significant increase (p T. tetragonioides extracts (TEs). Additionally, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)- and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging activities were significantly higher (p p p T. tetragonioides’ antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin-moisturizing activities are enhanced by B. subtilis fermentation, suggesting the potential of FTEs as a cosmeceutical ingredient.

Keywords

• <i>Tetragonia tetragonioides</i>
• hyaluronan synthases
• fermentation
• anti-inflammatory
• skin moisture