Check dam impact on sediment loads: example of the Guerbe River in the Swiss Alps – a catchment scale experiment

Abstract

The construction of check dams is a common practice around the world where the aim is to reduce the damage by flooding events through mountain streams. However, quantifying the effectiveness of such engineering structures has remained very challenging and requires well-selected case studies, since the outcome of such an evaluation depends on site-specific geometric, geologic and climatic conditions. Conventionally, the check dams' effectiveness has been estimated using information about how the bedload sediment flux in the stream changes after the check dams are constructed. A permanent lowering of the bedload flux not only points to a success in reducing the probability of sediment transport occurrence but also implies that the sediment input through the system is likely to decrease. Here, we applied a method for data acquisition and two different equations (Meyer-Peter–Müller and Recking approach) to estimate and compare the sediment transport in a mountain stream in Switzerland under engineered and non-engineered conditions. Whereas the first equation is derived from a classical approach that is based on flume experiment data with a slope of less than 0.02 m m−1, the second equation (Recking) has been derived based on a bedload field dataset comprising active mountain streams under steeper conditions. We selected the Guerbe (Gürbe) River situated in the Swiss Alps as a case study, which has been engineered since the end of the 19th century. This has resulted in more than 110 check dams along a ca. 5 km reach where sediment has continuously been supplied from adjacent hillslopes, primarily by landsliding. We measured the riverbed grain size, topographic gradients and river widths within selected segments along this reach. Additionally, a gauging station downstream of the reach engineered with check dams yielded information to calibrate the hydroclimatic situation for the study reach, thus offering ideal conditions for our catchment-scale experiment. Using the acquired data and the dataset about historical runoff covering the time interval between 2009 and 2021 and considering the current engineered conditions, we estimated a mean annual volume of transported bedload which ranges from 900 to 6000 m3 yr−1. We then envisaged possible channel geometries before the check dams were constructed. We inferred (1) higher energy gradients which we averaged over the length of several check dams and which we considered a proxy for the steeper river slope under natural conditions; (2) channel widths that are smaller than those measured today, thereby anticipating that the channel was more confined in the past; and (3) larger grain size percentiles, which we consider to be similar to the values measured from preserved landslides in the region. Using such potential non-engineered scenarios as constraints, the two equations both point towards a larger sediment flux compared to the engineered state, although the results of these equations differed significantly in magnitude. Whereas the Recking approach returned estimates where the bedload sediment flux is ca. 10 times larger in comparison with the current situation, the use of the Meyer-Peter–Müller equation predicts an increase of ca. 100 times in bedload fluxes for a state without check dams. These results suggest that the check dams in the Guerbe River are highly efficient not only in regulating sediment transport by decreasing the probability of high sediment flux occurrence during torrential conditions but also in stabilizing the channel bed by avoiding incision. The most likely consequence is a stabilization of the terrain around such structures by reducing the activation of landslides.