Bridging the rural–urban divide in sanitation with a cluster-based approach to faecal sludge management: a case study from Dhenkanal district in Odisha, India

Abstract

Halfway into the sustainable development goal (SDG) period, the rural and urban divide in sanitation persists. As of 2020, less than half of the global rural population has access to safely managed sanitation. In India, the Swachh Bharat (Clean India) Mission – Rural helped over 100 million rural households to construct individual toilets and access at least basic sanitation during 2014–2019. Expectedly, the increase in toilet usage has led to an urgent need for faecal sludge management (FSM). The present paper describes a novel model, rooted in an urban–rural partnership, to increase access to FSM services among rural households. In 2020–2021, we piloted the model in the Dhenkanal district in Odisha, which had a functional urban faecal sludge treatment plant (FSTP) and publicly run desludging trucks. The model adopted a five-step approach that included a data-led situational assessment, model development, stakeholder consultation, legal formalization of urban–rural partnership, and capacity building. Upon its implementation, the partnership transformed the rural sanitation service chain and resulted in the safe collection, conveyance, and treatment of 278 kL of faecal sludge from rural households within the first 5 months of implementation. As rural governments in India and other developing countries strive to achieve safely managed sanitation by 2030, the urban–rural partnership model discussed in the paper can present a viable pathway for rapidly scaling-up FSM services. HIGHLIGHTS The increased access to toilet in Dhenkanal district has produced a high dependence on single pits and septic tanks and consequently, heightened a need for FSM.; A novel model based on urban-rural partnerships is presented for scaling up FSM services among rural households.; Under the partnership, the urban local government has formally expanded the service catchment area beyond its boundary to include 17 neighbouring rural settlements This novel arrangement has been able to treat 278 KL of sludge or 93 truckloads from rural areas leveraging urban FSTP infrastructure.;

Keywords

• cluster-based planning approach
• faecal sludge management (fsm)
• rural governance
• rural–urban convergence
• safely managed sanitation
• sustainable development goals (sdgs)