Fermentation of Kalamata Natural Black Olives Using Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria as Starters

Abstract

Fermented foods such as table olives are produced through a spontaneous process that has been improved over the years, ensuring the safety and quality of the final product. The aim of the present work was to study the action of starter cultures of lactic acid bacteria (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC53103, Levilactobacillus brevis ATCC8287, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC14917) which were previously shown to have probiotic and antioxidant potential during the fermentation of natural Greek-style black olives (Kalamata) in brine containing 6% (w/v) NaCl at a temperature of 20 °C for a period of 150 days. At a molecular level, the main metabolites in every fermentation process were identified using an HPLC method. The results showed that the concentration of the metabolites increased gradually, developing a stable pattern after the 90th day of fermentation. In addition, the DL-p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid (OH-PLA) was identified as the phenolic acid with the highest concentration, independently of the selected starter culture. Microbial genomic DNA was also extracted from the olives’ surface at the final stages of fermentation (150 days) and was subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing using the Nanopore MinION™ NGS tool, enabling a comprehensive analysis of the microbial community. According to the findings, the most abundant genera were Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study exploring these particular starters for olive fermentation.

Keywords

• Kalamata olives
• lactic acid bacteria
• starter cultures
• olive fermentation
• Greek-style fermentation
• microbiological analysis